feat: bind overlay state to secondary subtitle mpv visibility

2026-02-27 18:22:41 -08:00 · 2026-02-26 16:40:51 -08:00
parent 74554a30f0
commit 75442a4648
48 changed files with 1231 additions and 1070 deletions
--- a/config.example.jsonc
+++ b/config.example.jsonc
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@
  "auto_start_overlay": false, // When overlay connects to mpv, automatically show overlay and hide mpv subtitles. Values: true | false

  // ==========================================
-  // Visible Overlay Subtitle Binding
-  // Control whether visible overlay toggles also toggle MPV subtitle visibility.
-  // When enabled, visible overlay hides MPV subtitles; when disabled, MPV subtitles are left unchanged.
+  // Visible Overlay Subtitle Binding (Legacy)
+  // Backward-compatible key. Runtime ignores this value.
+  // MPV subtitles are automatically hidden whenever any overlay subtitle mode is visible.
  // ==========================================
-  "bind_visible_overlay_to_mpv_sub_visibility": true, // Link visible overlay toggles to MPV subtitle visibility (primary and secondary). Values: true | false
+  "bind_visible_overlay_to_mpv_sub_visibility": true, // Legacy compatibility key (runtime no-op). Values: true | false

  // ==========================================
  // Texthooker Server
@@ -53,7 +53,6 @@
  // ==========================================
  "shortcuts": {
    "toggleVisibleOverlayGlobal": "Alt+Shift+O", // Toggle visible overlay global setting.
-    "toggleInvisibleOverlayGlobal": "Alt+Shift+I", // Toggle invisible overlay global setting.
    "copySubtitle": "CommandOrControl+C", // Copy subtitle setting.
    "copySubtitleMultiple": "CommandOrControl+Shift+C", // Copy subtitle multiple setting.
    "updateLastCardFromClipboard": "CommandOrControl+V", // Update last card from clipboard setting.
@@ -68,16 +67,6 @@
    "openJimaku": "Ctrl+Shift+J" // Open jimaku setting.
  }, // Overlay keyboard shortcuts. Set a shortcut to null to disable.

-  // ==========================================
-  // Invisible Overlay
-  // Startup behavior for the invisible interactive subtitle mining layer.
-  // Invisible subtitle position edit mode: Ctrl/Cmd+Shift+P to toggle, arrow keys to move, Enter or Ctrl/Cmd+S to save, Esc to cancel.
-  // This edit-mode shortcut is fixed and is not currently configurable.
-  // ==========================================
-  "invisibleOverlay": {
-    "startupVisibility": "platform-default" // Startup visibility setting.
-  }, // Startup behavior for the invisible interactive subtitle mining layer.
-
  // ==========================================
  // Keybindings (MPV Commands)
  // Extra keybindings that are merged with built-in defaults.
@@ -123,9 +112,11 @@
  // Hot-reload: subtitle style changes apply live without restarting SubMiner.
  // ==========================================
  "subtitleStyle": {
+    // Additional CSS declarations are also allowed and applied directly to subtitle roots/containers (for example: lineHeight, textShadow, -webkit-text-stroke, backdropFilter).
    "enableJlpt": false, // Enable JLPT vocabulary level underlines. When disabled, JLPT tagging lookup and underlines are skipped. Values: true | false
    "preserveLineBreaks": false, // Preserve line breaks in visible overlay subtitle rendering. When false, line breaks are flattened to spaces for a single-line flow. Values: true | false
-    "hoverTokenColor": "#c6a0f6", // Hex color used for hovered subtitle token highlight in mpv.
+    "hoverTokenColor": "#f4dbd6", // Hex color used for hovered subtitle token highlight in the overlay.
+    "hoverTokenBackgroundColor": "#363a4fd6", // CSS color used for hovered subtitle token background highlight in the overlay.
    "fontFamily": "M PLUS 1, Noto Sans CJK JP Regular, Noto Sans CJK JP, Hiragino Sans, Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN, Yu Gothic, Arial Unicode MS, Arial, sans-serif", // Font family setting.
    "fontSize": 35, // Font size setting.
    "fontColor": "#cad3f5", // Font color setting.
--- a/docs/architecture.md
+++ b/docs/architecture.md
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ src/

 ### Service Layer (`src/core/services/`)

- **Overlay/window runtime:** `overlay-manager.ts`, `overlay-window.ts`, `overlay-window-geometry.ts`, `overlay-visibility.ts`, `overlay-bridge.ts`, `overlay-runtime-init.ts`, `overlay-content-measurement.ts`, `overlay-drop.ts`
+- **Overlay/window runtime:** `overlay-manager.ts`, `overlay-window.ts`, `overlay-visibility.ts`, `overlay-bridge.ts`, `overlay-runtime-init.ts`, `overlay-content-measurement.ts`, `overlay-drop.ts`
 - **Shortcuts/input:** `shortcut.ts`, `overlay-shortcut.ts`, `overlay-shortcut-handler.ts`, `shortcut-fallback.ts`, `numeric-shortcut.ts`
 - **MPV runtime:** `mpv.ts`, `mpv-transport.ts`, `mpv-protocol.ts`, `mpv-properties.ts`, `mpv-render-metrics.ts`
 - **Mining + Anki/Jimaku runtime:** `mining.ts`, `field-grouping.ts`, `field-grouping-overlay.ts`, `anki-jimaku.ts`, `anki-jimaku-ipc.ts`
@@ -102,7 +102,6 @@ src/renderer/
  positioning.ts           # Facade export for positioning controller
  positioning/
    controller.ts          # Position controller orchestration
-    invisible-layout*.ts   # Invisible layer layout computations
    position-state.ts      # Position state helpers
  handlers/
    keyboard.ts            # Keybindings, chord handling, modal key routing
@@ -125,7 +124,7 @@ src/renderer/

 ## Flow Diagram

-The main process has three layers: `main.ts` delegates to composition modules that wire together domain services. Three overlay windows (visible, invisible, secondary) run in separate Electron renderer processes, connected through `preload.ts`. External runtimes (launcher CLI and mpv plugin) operate independently and communicate via IPC socket or CLI passthrough.
+The main process orchestrates a single primary overlay window plus modal surfaces: `main.ts` delegates to composition modules that wire together domain services. Subtitle layers (primary + secondary bar) are rendered in the same overlay renderer process, connected through `preload.ts`. External runtimes (launcher CLI and mpv plugin) operate independently and communicate via IPC socket or CLI passthrough.

 ```mermaid
 flowchart LR
@@ -162,7 +161,7 @@ flowchart LR

  subgraph Svc["Services — src/core/services/"]
    Mpv["MPV Stack<br/>transport · protocol<br/>properties · metrics"]:::svc
-    Overlay["Overlay Manager<br/>window · geometry<br/>visibility · bridge"]:::svc
+    Overlay["Overlay Manager<br/>window · visibility · bridge"]:::svc
    Mining["Mining & Subtitles<br/>mining · field-grouping<br/>subtitle-ws · tokenizer"]:::svc
    Integrations["Integrations<br/>jimaku · subsync<br/>texthooker · yomitan"]:::svc
    Tracking["Tracking<br/>anilist · jellyfin<br/>immersion · discord"]:::svc
@@ -172,9 +171,7 @@ flowchart LR
  Bridge(["preload.ts<br/>Electron IPC"]):::bridge

  subgraph Rend["Renderer — src/renderer/"]
-    Visible["Visible window<br/>Yomitan lookups"]:::rend
-    Invisible["Invisible window<br/>mpv positioning"]:::rend
-    Secondary["Secondary window<br/>subtitle bar"]:::rend
+    Overlay["Main overlay window<br/>primary + secondary subtitles"]:::rend
    UI["subtitle-render<br/>positioning<br/>handlers · modals"]:::rend
  end

@@ -193,10 +190,8 @@ flowchart LR
  DiscordExt <-->|"RPC"| Integrations

  Overlay & Mining --> Bridge
-  Bridge --> Visible
-  Bridge --> Invisible
-  Bridge --> Secondary
-  Visible & Invisible & Secondary --> UI
+  Bridge --> Overlay
+  Overlay --> UI

  style Comp fill:#363a4f,stroke:#494d64,color:#cad3f5
  style Svc fill:#363a4f,stroke:#494d64,color:#cad3f5
@@ -264,9 +259,9 @@ For domains migrated to reducer-style transitions (for example AniList token/que
 - **Module-level init:** Before `app.ready`, the composition root registers protocols, sets platform flags, constructs all services, and wires dependency injection. `runAndApplyStartupState()` parses CLI args and detects the compositor backend.
 - **Startup:** If `--generate-config` is passed, it writes the template and exits. Otherwise `app-lifecycle.ts` acquires the single-instance lock and registers Electron lifecycle hooks.
 - **Critical-path init:** Once `app.whenReady()` fires, `composeAppReadyRuntime()` runs strict config reload, resolves keybindings, creates the `MpvIpcClient` (which immediately connects and subscribes to 26 properties), and initializes the `RuntimeOptionsManager`, `SubtitleTimingTracker`, and `ImmersionTrackerService`.
- **Overlay runtime:** `initializeOverlayRuntime()` creates three overlay windows — **visible** (interactive Yomitan lookups), **invisible** (mpv-matched subtitle positioning), and **secondary** (secondary subtitle bar, top 20% via `splitOverlayGeometryForSecondaryBar`) — then registers global shortcuts and sets initial bounds from the window tracker.
+- **Overlay runtime:** `initializeOverlayRuntime()` creates the primary overlay window (interactive Yomitan lookups and subtitle rendering) and registers global shortcuts and bounds tracking via the active window tracker.
 - **Background warmups:** Non-critical services are launched asynchronously: MeCab tokenizer check, Yomitan extension load, JLPT + frequency dictionary prewarm, optional Jellyfin remote session, Discord presence service, and AniList token refresh.
- **Runtime:** Event-driven. mpv property changes, IPC messages, CLI commands, overlay shortcuts, and hot-reload notifications route through runtime handlers/composers. Subtitle text flows through `SubtitlePipeline` (normalize → tokenize → merge), and results broadcast to all overlay windows.
+- **Runtime:** Event-driven. mpv property changes, IPC messages, CLI commands, overlay shortcuts, and hot-reload notifications route through runtime handlers/composers. Subtitle text flows through `SubtitlePipeline` (normalize → tokenize → merge), and results are sent to the main overlay renderer and modal surfaces.
 - **Shutdown:** `onWillQuitCleanup` destroys tray + config watcher, unregisters shortcuts, stops WebSocket + texthooker servers, closes the mpv socket + flushes OSD log, stops the window tracker, closes the Yomitan parser window, flushes the immersion tracker (SQLite), stops Jellyfin/Discord services, and cleans Anki/AniList state.

 ```mermaid
@@ -298,14 +293,10 @@ flowchart LR

  OverlayInit["initializeOverlay<br/>Runtime()"]:::phase

-  OverlayInit --> VisWin["Visible window<br/>Yomitan lookups"]:::init
-  OverlayInit --> InvWin["Invisible window<br/>mpv positioning"]:::init
-  OverlayInit --> SecWin["Secondary window<br/>subtitle bar"]:::init
+  OverlayInit --> MainWin["Main overlay window<br/>primary + secondary subtitles"]:::init
  OverlayInit --> Shortcuts["Register global<br/>shortcuts"]:::init

-  VisWin --> Warmups
-  InvWin --> Warmups
-  SecWin --> Warmups
+  MainWin --> Warmups
  Shortcuts --> Warmups

  Warmups["Background<br/>warmups"]:::phase
@@ -330,7 +321,7 @@ flowchart LR
    ExtEvt["Shortcuts · config hot-reload"]:::runtime
    MpvEvt & IpcEvt & ExtEvt --> Route["Route via composers"]:::runtime
    Route --> Process["SubtitlePipeline<br/>normalize → tokenize → merge"]:::runtime
-    Process --> Broadcast["Update AppState<br/>broadcast to windows"]:::runtime
+    Process --> Broadcast["Update AppState<br/>broadcast to renderer + modals"]:::runtime
  end

  WarmupGroup --> Loop
--- a/docs/index.md
+++ b/docs/index.md
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ features:
  - icon:
      src: /assets/dual-layer.svg
      alt: Dual layer icon
-    title: Three-Plane Overlay Stack
-    details: Secondary context plane + visible interactive layer + invisible interaction plane, each with independent behavior and startup state.
+    title: Unified Overlay Stack
+    details: Primary interactive subtitle layer with a built-in secondary context bar, all in one overlay window.
  - icon:
      src: /assets/highlight.svg
      alt: Highlight icon
--- a/docs/mining-workflow.md
+++ b/docs/mining-workflow.md
@@ -24,11 +24,11 @@ SubMiner prioritizes subtitle responsiveness over heavy initialization:

 This keeps early playback snappy and avoids mpv-side sluggishness while startup work completes.

-## The Three Overlay Planes
+## Overlay Model

-SubMiner uses three overlay planes, each serving a different purpose.
+SubMiner uses one overlay window with modal surfaces.

-### Visible Overlay
+### Primary Subtitle Layer

 The visible overlay renders subtitles as tokenized, clickable word spans. Each word is a separate element with reading and headword data attached. This plane is styled independently from mpv subtitles and supports:

@@ -38,31 +38,17 @@ The visible overlay renders subtitles as tokenized, clickable word spans. Each w
 - Modal dialogs for Jimaku search, field grouping, subsync, and runtime options
 - **N+1 highlighting** — known words from your Anki deck are visually highlighted

-Toggle with `Alt+Shift+O` (global) or `y-t` (mpv plugin).
+Toggle visibility with `Alt+Shift+O` (global) or `y-t` (mpv plugin).

-### Secondary Subtitle Plane
+### Secondary Subtitle Bar

-The secondary plane is a compact top-strip layer for translation and context visibility while keeping primary reading flow below. It mirrors your configured secondary subtitle preference and can be independently shown or hidden.
+The secondary subtitle bar is a compact top-strip region in the same overlay window for translation/context visibility while keeping primary reading flow below. It mirrors your configured secondary subtitle preference and can be independently shown or hidden.

-It is controlled by `secondarySub` configuration and shares lifecycle with the overlay stack.
+It is controlled by `secondarySub` configuration and shares lifecycle with the main overlay window.

-### Invisible Overlay
+### Modal Surfaces

-The invisible overlay is a transparent layer aligned with mpv's own subtitle rendering. It uses mpv's subtitle metrics (font size, margins, position, scaling) to map click targets accurately.
-
-This layer still supports:
-
- Word-level click-through lookups over the text region
- Optional manual position fine-tuning in pixel mode
- Independent toggle behavior with global shortcuts
-
-Position edit mode is available via `Ctrl/Cmd+Shift+P`, then arrow keys / `hjkl` to nudge position; `Shift` moves faster. Save with `Enter` or `Ctrl+S`, cancel with `Esc`.
-
-Toggle controls:
-
- `Alt+Shift+O` / `y-t`: visible overlay
- `Alt+Shift+I` / `y-i`: invisible overlay
- Secondary plane visibility is controlled via `secondarySub` config and matching global shortcuts.
+Jimaku search, field-grouping, runtime options, and manual subsync open as modal surfaces on top of the same overlay window.

 ## Looking Up Words

@@ -73,10 +59,10 @@ Toggle controls:
 3. Yomitan detects the text selection and opens its popup with dictionary results.
 4. From the Yomitan popup, you can add the word directly to Anki.

-### On the Invisible Overlay
+### On Overlay Subtitles

-1. The invisible layer sits over mpv's own subtitle text.
-2. Click on any word in the subtitle — SubMiner maps your click position to the underlying text.
+1. Subtitles are rendered directly in the overlay.
+2. Click on any word in the subtitle.
 3. On macOS, word selection happens automatically on hover.
 4. Yomitan popup appears for lookup and card creation.

--- a/docs/plans/2026-02-26-secondary-subtitles-main-overlay.md
+++ b/docs/plans/2026-02-26-secondary-subtitles-main-overlay.md
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# Secondary Subtitles Main Overlay Implementation Plan
+
+> **For Claude:** REQUIRED SUB-SKILL: Use superpowers:executing-plans to implement this plan task-by-task.
+
+**Goal:** Ensure secondary subtitles render in the unified main overlay window and remove stale secondary-window/layer paths.
+
+**Architecture:** Keep secondary subtitle DOM in the shared renderer tree, rely on mode classes (`secondary-sub-hidden|visible|hover`) for visibility, and remove obsolete legacy overlay-layer assumptions. Preserve modal behavior and existing subtitle rendering flow.
+
+**Tech Stack:** TypeScript, Electron renderer CSS/DOM, Bun test runner.
+
+---
+
+### Task 1: Add Regression Tests For Main Overlay Secondary Rendering
+
+**Files:**
+- Modify: `src/renderer/subtitle-render.test.ts`
+- Modify: `src/renderer/error-recovery.test.ts`
+
+**Step 1: Write failing tests**
+- Assert stylesheet no longer hides secondary subtitles in `layer-visible`.
+- Assert renderer platform resolution ignores legacy `secondary` overlay layer.
+
+**Step 2: Run tests to verify failures**
+
+Run: `bun test src/renderer/subtitle-render.test.ts src/renderer/error-recovery.test.ts`
+Expected: FAIL on secondary subtitle hide rule + legacy secondary layer handling.
+
+### Task 2: Remove Secondary-Window CSS/Routing Assumptions
+
+**Files:**
+- Modify: `src/renderer/style.css`
+- Modify: `src/renderer/utils/platform.ts`
+- Modify: `src/renderer/error-recovery.ts`
+- Modify: `src/types.ts`
+
+**Step 1: Implement minimal changes**
+- Remove legacy forced hide on `#secondarySubContainer`.
+- Remove obsolete layer-specific secondary-subtitle CSS blocks.
+- Drop legacy `secondary` overlay-layer parsing path from renderer platform resolver.
+- Narrow related overlay layer type unions.
+
+**Step 2: Run targeted tests**
+
+Run: `bun test src/renderer/subtitle-render.test.ts src/renderer/error-recovery.test.ts`
+Expected: PASS.
+
+### Task 3: Validate Wider Related Surface
+
+**Files:**
+- No additional code changes required.
+
+**Step 1: Run broader related tests**
+
+Run: `bun test src/renderer/subtitle-render.test.ts src/renderer/error-recovery.test.ts src/main/runtime/overlay-window-runtime-handlers.test.ts src/main/runtime/overlay-window-factory.test.ts src/core/services/overlay-manager.test.ts`
+Expected: Renderer tests pass; report any unrelated pre-existing failures.
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@
    "test:config:smoke:dist": "bun test dist/config/path-resolution.test.js",
    "test:launcher:smoke:src": "bun test launcher/smoke.e2e.test.ts",
    "test:launcher:src": "bun test launcher/config.test.ts launcher/config-domain-parsers.test.ts launcher/parse-args.test.ts launcher/main.test.ts launcher/commands/command-modules.test.ts launcher/smoke.e2e.test.ts",
-    "test:core:src": "bun test src/cli/args.test.ts src/cli/help.test.ts src/core/services/cli-command.test.ts src/core/services/field-grouping-overlay.test.ts src/core/services/numeric-shortcut-session.test.ts src/core/services/secondary-subtitle.test.ts src/core/services/mpv-render-metrics.test.ts src/core/services/overlay-content-measurement.test.ts src/core/services/mpv-control.test.ts src/core/services/mpv.test.ts src/core/services/runtime-options-ipc.test.ts src/core/services/runtime-config.test.ts src/core/services/config-hot-reload.test.ts src/core/services/discord-presence.test.ts src/core/services/tokenizer.test.ts src/core/services/tokenizer/annotation-stage.test.ts src/core/services/tokenizer/parser-selection-stage.test.ts src/core/services/tokenizer/parser-enrichment-stage.test.ts src/core/services/subsync.test.ts src/core/services/overlay-bridge.test.ts src/core/services/overlay-shortcut-handler.test.ts src/core/services/mining.test.ts src/core/services/anki-jimaku.test.ts src/core/services/jellyfin.test.ts src/core/services/jellyfin-remote.test.ts src/core/services/immersion-tracker-service.test.ts src/core/services/app-ready.test.ts src/core/services/startup-bootstrap.test.ts src/core/services/subtitle-processing-controller.test.ts src/core/services/anilist/anilist-update-queue.test.ts src/core/utils/shortcut-config.test.ts src/renderer/error-recovery.test.ts src/renderer/subtitle-render.test.ts src/renderer/positioning/invisible-layout-helpers.test.ts src/renderer/positioning/invisible-layout-metrics.test.ts src/subsync/utils.test.ts src/main/anilist-url-guard.test.ts src/window-trackers/x11-tracker.test.ts launcher/config.test.ts launcher/config-domain-parsers.test.ts launcher/parse-args.test.ts launcher/main.test.ts launcher/commands/command-modules.test.ts",
-    "test:core:dist": "bun test dist/cli/args.test.js dist/cli/help.test.js dist/core/services/cli-command.test.js dist/core/services/ipc.test.js dist/core/services/anki-jimaku-ipc.test.js dist/core/services/field-grouping-overlay.test.js dist/core/services/numeric-shortcut-session.test.js dist/core/services/secondary-subtitle.test.js dist/core/services/mpv-render-metrics.test.js dist/core/services/overlay-content-measurement.test.js dist/core/services/mpv-control.test.js dist/core/services/mpv.test.js dist/core/services/runtime-options-ipc.test.js dist/core/services/runtime-config.test.js dist/core/services/config-hot-reload.test.js dist/core/services/discord-presence.test.js dist/core/services/tokenizer.test.js dist/core/services/tokenizer/annotation-stage.test.js dist/core/services/tokenizer/parser-selection-stage.test.js dist/core/services/tokenizer/parser-enrichment-stage.test.js dist/core/services/subsync.test.js dist/core/services/overlay-bridge.test.js dist/core/services/overlay-manager.test.js dist/core/services/overlay-shortcut-handler.test.js dist/core/services/mining.test.js dist/core/services/anki-jimaku.test.js dist/core/services/jellyfin.test.js dist/core/services/jellyfin-remote.test.js dist/core/services/immersion-tracker-service.test.js dist/core/services/app-ready.test.js dist/core/services/startup-bootstrap.test.js dist/core/services/subtitle-processing-controller.test.js dist/core/services/anilist/anilist-token-store.test.js dist/core/services/anilist/anilist-update-queue.test.js dist/renderer/error-recovery.test.js dist/renderer/subtitle-render.test.js dist/renderer/positioning/invisible-layout-helpers.test.js dist/renderer/positioning/invisible-layout-metrics.test.js dist/subsync/utils.test.js dist/main/anilist-url-guard.test.js dist/window-trackers/x11-tracker.test.js",
+    "test:core:src": "bun test src/cli/args.test.ts src/cli/help.test.ts src/core/services/cli-command.test.ts src/core/services/field-grouping-overlay.test.ts src/core/services/numeric-shortcut-session.test.ts src/core/services/secondary-subtitle.test.ts src/core/services/mpv-render-metrics.test.ts src/core/services/overlay-content-measurement.test.ts src/core/services/mpv-control.test.ts src/core/services/mpv.test.ts src/core/services/runtime-options-ipc.test.ts src/core/services/runtime-config.test.ts src/core/services/config-hot-reload.test.ts src/core/services/discord-presence.test.ts src/core/services/tokenizer.test.ts src/core/services/tokenizer/annotation-stage.test.ts src/core/services/tokenizer/parser-selection-stage.test.ts src/core/services/tokenizer/parser-enrichment-stage.test.ts src/core/services/subsync.test.ts src/core/services/overlay-bridge.test.ts src/core/services/overlay-shortcut-handler.test.ts src/core/services/mining.test.ts src/core/services/anki-jimaku.test.ts src/core/services/jellyfin.test.ts src/core/services/jellyfin-remote.test.ts src/core/services/immersion-tracker-service.test.ts src/core/services/app-ready.test.ts src/core/services/startup-bootstrap.test.ts src/core/services/subtitle-processing-controller.test.ts src/core/services/anilist/anilist-update-queue.test.ts src/core/utils/shortcut-config.test.ts src/renderer/error-recovery.test.ts src/renderer/subtitle-render.test.ts src/subsync/utils.test.ts src/main/anilist-url-guard.test.ts src/window-trackers/x11-tracker.test.ts launcher/config.test.ts launcher/config-domain-parsers.test.ts launcher/parse-args.test.ts launcher/main.test.ts launcher/commands/command-modules.test.ts",
+    "test:core:dist": "bun test dist/cli/args.test.js dist/cli/help.test.js dist/core/services/cli-command.test.js dist/core/services/ipc.test.js dist/core/services/anki-jimaku-ipc.test.js dist/core/services/field-grouping-overlay.test.js dist/core/services/numeric-shortcut-session.test.js dist/core/services/secondary-subtitle.test.js dist/core/services/mpv-render-metrics.test.js dist/core/services/overlay-content-measurement.test.js dist/core/services/mpv-control.test.js dist/core/services/mpv.test.js dist/core/services/runtime-options-ipc.test.js dist/core/services/runtime-config.test.js dist/core/services/config-hot-reload.test.js dist/core/services/discord-presence.test.js dist/core/services/tokenizer.test.js dist/core/services/tokenizer/annotation-stage.test.js dist/core/services/tokenizer/parser-selection-stage.test.js dist/core/services/tokenizer/parser-enrichment-stage.test.js dist/core/services/subsync.test.js dist/core/services/overlay-bridge.test.js dist/core/services/overlay-manager.test.js dist/core/services/overlay-shortcut-handler.test.js dist/core/services/mining.test.js dist/core/services/anki-jimaku.test.js dist/core/services/jellyfin.test.js dist/core/services/jellyfin-remote.test.js dist/core/services/immersion-tracker-service.test.js dist/core/services/app-ready.test.js dist/core/services/startup-bootstrap.test.js dist/core/services/subtitle-processing-controller.test.js dist/core/services/anilist/anilist-token-store.test.js dist/core/services/anilist/anilist-update-queue.test.js dist/renderer/error-recovery.test.js dist/renderer/subtitle-render.test.js dist/subsync/utils.test.js dist/main/anilist-url-guard.test.js dist/window-trackers/x11-tracker.test.js",
    "test:core:smoke:dist": "bun test dist/cli/help.test.js dist/core/services/runtime-config.test.js dist/core/services/ipc.test.js dist/core/services/overlay-manager.test.js dist/core/services/anilist/anilist-token-store.test.js dist/core/services/startup-bootstrap.test.js dist/renderer/error-recovery.test.js dist/main/anilist-url-guard.test.js dist/window-trackers/x11-tracker.test.js",
    "test:smoke:dist": "bun run test:config:smoke:dist && bun run test:core:smoke:dist",
    "test:subtitle:dist": "echo \"Subtitle tests are currently not configured\"",
--- a/src/config/resolve/core-domains.ts
+++ b/src/config/resolve/core-domains.ts
@@ -77,7 +77,6 @@ export function applyCoreDomainConfig(context: ResolveContext): void {
  if (isObject(src.shortcuts)) {
    const shortcutKeys = [
      'toggleVisibleOverlayGlobal',
-      'toggleInvisibleOverlayGlobal',
      'copySubtitle',
      'copySubtitleMultiple',
      'updateLastCardFromClipboard',
@@ -113,24 +112,6 @@ export function applyCoreDomainConfig(context: ResolveContext): void {
    }
  }

-  if (isObject(src.invisibleOverlay)) {
-    const startupVisibility = src.invisibleOverlay.startupVisibility;
-    if (
-      startupVisibility === 'platform-default' ||
-      startupVisibility === 'visible' ||
-      startupVisibility === 'hidden'
-    ) {
-      resolved.invisibleOverlay.startupVisibility = startupVisibility;
-    } else if (startupVisibility !== undefined) {
-      warn(
-        'invisibleOverlay.startupVisibility',
-        startupVisibility,
-        resolved.invisibleOverlay.startupVisibility,
-        'Expected platform-default, visible, or hidden.',
-      );
-    }
-  }
-
  if (isObject(src.secondarySub)) {
    if (Array.isArray(src.secondarySub.secondarySubLanguages)) {
      resolved.secondarySub.secondarySubLanguages = src.secondarySub.secondarySubLanguages.filter(
--- a/src/core/services/index.ts
+++ b/src/core/services/index.ts
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ export {
 export { createAppLifecycleDepsRuntime, startAppLifecycle } from './app-lifecycle';
 export { cycleSecondarySubMode } from './subtitle-position';
 export {
-  getInitialInvisibleOverlayVisibility,
  isAutoUpdateEnabledRuntime,
  shouldAutoInitializeOverlayRuntimeFromConfig,
  shouldBindVisibleOverlayToMpvSubVisibility,
@@ -59,14 +58,12 @@ export {
  createOverlayWindow,
  enforceOverlayLayerOrder,
  ensureOverlayWindowLevel,
+  syncOverlayWindowLayer,
  updateOverlayWindowBounds,
 } from './overlay-window';
 export { initializeOverlayRuntime } from './overlay-runtime-init';
 export {
-  setInvisibleOverlayVisible,
  setVisibleOverlayVisible,
-  syncInvisibleOverlayMousePassthrough,
-  updateInvisibleOverlayVisibility,
  updateVisibleOverlayVisibility,
 } from './overlay-visibility';
 export {
@@ -76,6 +73,7 @@ export {
  replayCurrentSubtitleRuntime,
  resolveCurrentAudioStreamIndex,
  sendMpvCommandRuntime,
+  setMpvSecondarySubVisibilityRuntime,
  setMpvSubVisibilityRuntime,
  showMpvOsdRuntime,
 } from './mpv';
--- a/src/core/services/mpv-properties.ts
+++ b/src/core/services/mpv-properties.ts
@@ -60,6 +60,8 @@ const MPV_SUBTITLE_PROPERTY_OBSERVATIONS: string[] = [
  'sub-use-margins',
  'pause',
  'media-title',
+  'secondary-sub-visibility',
+  'sub-visibility',
 ];

 const MPV_INITIAL_PROPERTY_REQUESTS: Array<MpvProtocolCommand> = [
--- a/src/core/services/mpv-protocol.test.ts
+++ b/src/core/services/mpv-protocol.test.ts
@@ -119,6 +119,38 @@ test('dispatchMpvProtocolMessage emits subtitle text on property change', async
  assert.deepEqual(state.events, [{ text: '字幕', isOverlayVisible: false }]);
 });

+test('dispatchMpvProtocolMessage enforces sub-visibility hidden when overlay suppression is enabled', async () => {
+  const { deps, state } = createDeps({
+    shouldBindVisibleOverlayToMpvSubVisibility: () => true,
+    isVisibleOverlayVisible: () => true,
+  });
+
+  await dispatchMpvProtocolMessage(
+    { event: 'property-change', name: 'sub-visibility', data: 'yes' },
+    deps,
+  );
+
+  assert.deepEqual(state.commands.pop(), {
+    command: ['set_property', 'sub-visibility', 'no'],
+  });
+});
+
+test('dispatchMpvProtocolMessage enforces secondary sub-visibility hidden when overlay suppression is enabled', async () => {
+  const { deps, state } = createDeps({
+    shouldBindVisibleOverlayToMpvSubVisibility: () => true,
+    isVisibleOverlayVisible: () => true,
+  });
+
+  await dispatchMpvProtocolMessage(
+    { event: 'property-change', name: 'secondary-sub-visibility', data: 'yes' },
+    deps,
+  );
+
+  assert.deepEqual(state.commands.pop(), {
+    command: ['set_property', 'secondary-sub-visibility', 'no'],
+  });
+});
+
 test('dispatchMpvProtocolMessage sets secondary subtitle track based on track list response', async () => {
  const { deps, state } = createDeps();

--- a/src/core/services/mpv-protocol.ts
+++ b/src/core/services/mpv-protocol.ts
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ export interface MpvProtocolHandleMessageDeps {
  };
  getSubtitleMetrics: () => MpvSubtitleRenderMetrics;
  isVisibleOverlayVisible: () => boolean;
+  shouldBindVisibleOverlayToMpvSubVisibility?: () => boolean;
  emitSubtitleChange: (payload: { text: string; isOverlayVisible: boolean }) => void;
  emitSubtitleAssChange: (payload: { text: string }) => void;
  emitSubtitleTiming: (payload: { text: string; start: number; end: number }) => void;
@@ -216,6 +217,22 @@ export async function dispatchMpvProtocolMessage(
      deps.emitSubtitleMetricsChange({
        subScaleByWindow: asBoolean(msg.data, deps.getSubtitleMetrics().subScaleByWindow),
      });
+    } else if (msg.name === 'sub-visibility') {
+      if (
+        deps.shouldBindVisibleOverlayToMpvSubVisibility?.() &&
+        deps.isVisibleOverlayVisible() &&
+        asBoolean(msg.data, false)
+      ) {
+        deps.sendCommand({ command: ['set_property', 'sub-visibility', 'no'] });
+      }
+    } else if (msg.name === 'secondary-sub-visibility') {
+      if (
+        deps.shouldBindVisibleOverlayToMpvSubVisibility?.() &&
+        deps.isVisibleOverlayVisible() &&
+        asBoolean(msg.data, false)
+      ) {
+        deps.sendCommand({ command: ['set_property', 'secondary-sub-visibility', 'no'] });
+      }
    } else if (msg.name === 'sub-use-margins') {
      deps.emitSubtitleMetricsChange({
        subUseMargins: asBoolean(msg.data, deps.getSubtitleMetrics().subUseMargins),
--- a/src/core/services/mpv.test.ts
+++ b/src/core/services/mpv.test.ts
@@ -306,6 +306,32 @@ test('MpvIpcClient reconnect replays property subscriptions and initial state re
  assert.equal(hasPathRequest, true);
 });

+test('MpvIpcClient connect does not force primary subtitle visibility from binding path', () => {
+  const commands: unknown[] = [];
+  const client = new MpvIpcClient(
+    '/tmp/mpv.sock',
+    makeDeps({
+      shouldBindVisibleOverlayToMpvSubVisibility: () => true,
+      isVisibleOverlayVisible: () => true,
+    }),
+  );
+  (client as any).send = (command: unknown) => {
+    commands.push(command);
+    return true;
+  };
+
+  const callbacks = (client as any).transport.callbacks;
+  callbacks.onConnect();
+
+  const hasPrimaryVisibilityMutation = commands.some(
+    (command) =>
+      Array.isArray((command as { command: unknown[] }).command) &&
+      (command as { command: unknown[] }).command[0] === 'set_property' &&
+      (command as { command: unknown[] }).command[1] === 'sub-visibility',
+  );
+  assert.equal(hasPrimaryVisibilityMutation, false);
+});
+
 test('MpvIpcClient captures and disables secondary subtitle visibility on request', async () => {
  const commands: unknown[] = [];
  const client = new MpvIpcClient('/tmp/mpv.sock', makeDeps());
--- a/src/core/services/mpv.ts
+++ b/src/core/services/mpv.ts
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ export interface MpvRuntimeClientLike {
  replayCurrentSubtitle?: () => void;
  playNextSubtitle?: () => void;
  setSubVisibility?: (visible: boolean) => void;
+  setSecondarySubVisibility?: (visible: boolean) => void;
 }

 export function showMpvOsdRuntime(
@@ -84,6 +85,14 @@ export function setMpvSubVisibilityRuntime(
  mpvClient.setSubVisibility(visible);
 }

+export function setMpvSecondarySubVisibilityRuntime(
+  mpvClient: MpvRuntimeClientLike | null,
+  visible: boolean,
+): void {
+  if (!mpvClient?.setSecondarySubVisibility) return;
+  mpvClient.setSecondarySubVisibility(visible);
+}
+
 export { MPV_REQUEST_ID_SECONDARY_SUB_VISIBILITY } from './mpv-protocol';

 export interface MpvIpcClientProtocolDeps {
@@ -181,8 +190,6 @@ export class MpvIpcClient implements MpvClient {
          setTimeout(() => {
            this.deps.setOverlayVisible(true);
          }, 100);
-        } else if (this.deps.shouldBindVisibleOverlayToMpvSubVisibility()) {
-          this.setSubVisibility(!this.deps.isVisibleOverlayVisible());
        }

        this.firstConnection = false;
@@ -290,6 +297,8 @@ export class MpvIpcClient implements MpvClient {
      getResolvedConfig: () => this.deps.getResolvedConfig(),
      getSubtitleMetrics: () => this.mpvSubtitleRenderMetrics,
      isVisibleOverlayVisible: () => this.deps.isVisibleOverlayVisible(),
+      shouldBindVisibleOverlayToMpvSubVisibility: () =>
+        this.deps.shouldBindVisibleOverlayToMpvSubVisibility(),
      emitSubtitleChange: (payload) => {
        this.emit('subtitle-change', payload);
      },
@@ -488,7 +497,7 @@ export class MpvIpcClient implements MpvClient {
    this.previousSecondarySubVisibility = null;
  }

-  private setSecondarySubVisibility(visible: boolean): void {
+  setSecondarySubVisibility(visible: boolean): void {
    this.send({
      command: ['set_property', 'secondary-sub-visibility', visible ? 'yes' : 'no'],
    });
--- a/src/core/services/overlay-manager.test.ts
+++ b/src/core/services/overlay-manager.test.ts
@@ -9,11 +9,8 @@ import {
 test('overlay manager initializes with empty windows and hidden overlays', () => {
  const manager = createOverlayManager();
  assert.equal(manager.getMainWindow(), null);
-  assert.equal(manager.getInvisibleWindow(), null);
-  assert.equal(manager.getSecondaryWindow(), null);
  assert.equal(manager.getModalWindow(), null);
  assert.equal(manager.getVisibleOverlayVisible(), false);
-  assert.equal(manager.getInvisibleOverlayVisible(), false);
  assert.deepEqual(manager.getOverlayWindows(), []);
 });

@@ -22,28 +19,17 @@ test('overlay manager stores window references and returns stable window order',
  const visibleWindow = {
    isDestroyed: () => false,
  } as unknown as Electron.BrowserWindow;
-  const invisibleWindow = {
-    isDestroyed: () => false,
-  } as unknown as Electron.BrowserWindow;
-  const secondaryWindow = {
-    isDestroyed: () => false,
-  } as unknown as Electron.BrowserWindow;
  const modalWindow = {
    isDestroyed: () => false,
  } as unknown as Electron.BrowserWindow;

  manager.setMainWindow(visibleWindow);
-  manager.setInvisibleWindow(invisibleWindow);
-  manager.setSecondaryWindow(secondaryWindow);
  manager.setModalWindow(modalWindow);

  assert.equal(manager.getMainWindow(), visibleWindow);
-  assert.equal(manager.getInvisibleWindow(), invisibleWindow);
-  assert.equal(manager.getSecondaryWindow(), secondaryWindow);
  assert.equal(manager.getModalWindow(), modalWindow);
-  assert.equal(manager.getOverlayWindow('visible'), visibleWindow);
-  assert.equal(manager.getOverlayWindow('invisible'), invisibleWindow);
-  assert.deepEqual(manager.getOverlayWindows(), [visibleWindow, invisibleWindow, secondaryWindow]);
+  assert.equal(manager.getOverlayWindow(), visibleWindow);
+  assert.deepEqual(manager.getOverlayWindows(), [visibleWindow]);
 });

 test('overlay manager excludes destroyed windows', () => {
@@ -51,26 +37,18 @@ test('overlay manager excludes destroyed windows', () => {
  manager.setMainWindow({
    isDestroyed: () => true,
  } as unknown as Electron.BrowserWindow);
-  manager.setInvisibleWindow({
-    isDestroyed: () => false,
-  } as unknown as Electron.BrowserWindow);
-  manager.setSecondaryWindow({
-    isDestroyed: () => true,
-  } as unknown as Electron.BrowserWindow);
  manager.setModalWindow({
    isDestroyed: () => false,
  } as unknown as Electron.BrowserWindow);

-  assert.equal(manager.getOverlayWindows().length, 1);
+  assert.equal(manager.getOverlayWindows().length, 0);
 });

 test('overlay manager stores visibility state', () => {
  const manager = createOverlayManager();

  manager.setVisibleOverlayVisible(true);
-  manager.setInvisibleOverlayVisible(true);
  assert.equal(manager.getVisibleOverlayVisible(), true);
-  assert.equal(manager.getInvisibleOverlayVisible(), true);
 });

 test('overlay manager broadcasts to non-destroyed windows', () => {
@@ -84,58 +62,25 @@ test('overlay manager broadcasts to non-destroyed windows', () => {
      },
    },
  } as unknown as Electron.BrowserWindow;
-  const deadWindow = {
-    isDestroyed: () => true,
-    webContents: {
-      send: (..._args: unknown[]) => {},
-    },
-  } as unknown as Electron.BrowserWindow;
-  const secondaryWindow = {
-    isDestroyed: () => false,
-    webContents: {
-      send: (...args: unknown[]) => {
-        calls.push(args);
-      },
-    },
-  } as unknown as Electron.BrowserWindow;
-
  manager.setMainWindow(aliveWindow);
-  manager.setInvisibleWindow(deadWindow);
-  manager.setSecondaryWindow(secondaryWindow);
  manager.setModalWindow({
    isDestroyed: () => false,
    webContents: { send: () => {} },
  } as unknown as Electron.BrowserWindow);
  manager.broadcastToOverlayWindows('x', 1, 'a');

-  assert.deepEqual(calls, [
-    ['x', 1, 'a'],
-    ['x', 1, 'a'],
-  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, [['x', 1, 'a']]);
 });

-test('overlay manager applies bounds by layer', () => {
+test('overlay manager applies bounds for main and modal windows', () => {
  const manager = createOverlayManager();
  const visibleCalls: Electron.Rectangle[] = [];
-  const invisibleCalls: Electron.Rectangle[] = [];
  const visibleWindow = {
    isDestroyed: () => false,
    setBounds: (bounds: Electron.Rectangle) => {
      visibleCalls.push(bounds);
    },
  } as unknown as Electron.BrowserWindow;
-  const invisibleWindow = {
-    isDestroyed: () => false,
-    setBounds: (bounds: Electron.Rectangle) => {
-      invisibleCalls.push(bounds);
-    },
-  } as unknown as Electron.BrowserWindow;
-  const secondaryWindow = {
-    isDestroyed: () => false,
-    setBounds: (bounds: Electron.Rectangle) => {
-      invisibleCalls.push(bounds);
-    },
-  } as unknown as Electron.BrowserWindow;
  const modalCalls: Electron.Rectangle[] = [];
  const modalWindow = {
    isDestroyed: () => false,
@@ -144,28 +89,14 @@ test('overlay manager applies bounds by layer', () => {
    },
  } as unknown as Electron.BrowserWindow;
  manager.setMainWindow(visibleWindow);
-  manager.setInvisibleWindow(invisibleWindow);
-  manager.setSecondaryWindow(secondaryWindow);
  manager.setModalWindow(modalWindow);

-  manager.setOverlayWindowBounds('visible', {
+  manager.setOverlayWindowBounds({
    x: 10,
    y: 20,
    width: 30,
    height: 40,
  });
-  manager.setOverlayWindowBounds('invisible', {
-    x: 1,
-    y: 2,
-    width: 3,
-    height: 4,
-  });
-  manager.setSecondaryWindowBounds({
-    x: 8,
-    y: 9,
-    width: 10,
-    height: 11,
-  });
  manager.setModalWindowBounds({
    x: 80,
    y: 90,
@@ -174,14 +105,10 @@ test('overlay manager applies bounds by layer', () => {
  });

  assert.deepEqual(visibleCalls, [{ x: 10, y: 20, width: 30, height: 40 }]);
-  assert.deepEqual(invisibleCalls, [
-    { x: 1, y: 2, width: 3, height: 4 },
-    { x: 8, y: 9, width: 10, height: 11 },
-  ]);
  assert.deepEqual(modalCalls, [{ x: 80, y: 90, width: 100, height: 110 }]);
 });

-test('runtime-option and debug broadcasts use expected channels', () => {
+test('runtime-option broadcast still uses expected channel', () => {
  const broadcasts: unknown[][] = [];
  broadcastRuntimeOptionsChangedRuntime(
    () => [],
@@ -196,14 +123,8 @@ test('runtime-option and debug broadcasts use expected channels', () => {
    (enabled) => {
      state = enabled;
    },
-    (channel, ...args) => {
-      broadcasts.push([channel, ...args]);
-    },
  );
  assert.equal(changed, true);
  assert.equal(state, true);
-  assert.deepEqual(broadcasts, [
-    ['runtime-options:changed', []],
-    ['overlay-debug-visualization:set', true],
-  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(broadcasts, [['runtime-options:changed', []]]);
 });
--- a/src/core/services/overlay-manager.ts
+++ b/src/core/services/overlay-manager.ts
@@ -2,60 +2,37 @@ import type { BrowserWindow } from 'electron';
 import { RuntimeOptionState, WindowGeometry } from '../../types';
 import { updateOverlayWindowBounds } from './overlay-window';

-type OverlayLayer = 'visible' | 'invisible';
-
 export interface OverlayManager {
  getMainWindow: () => BrowserWindow | null;
  setMainWindow: (window: BrowserWindow | null) => void;
-  getInvisibleWindow: () => BrowserWindow | null;
-  setInvisibleWindow: (window: BrowserWindow | null) => void;
-  getSecondaryWindow: () => BrowserWindow | null;
-  setSecondaryWindow: (window: BrowserWindow | null) => void;
  getModalWindow: () => BrowserWindow | null;
  setModalWindow: (window: BrowserWindow | null) => void;
-  getOverlayWindow: (layer: OverlayLayer) => BrowserWindow | null;
-  setOverlayWindowBounds: (layer: OverlayLayer, geometry: WindowGeometry) => void;
-  setSecondaryWindowBounds: (geometry: WindowGeometry) => void;
+  getOverlayWindow: () => BrowserWindow | null;
+  setOverlayWindowBounds: (geometry: WindowGeometry) => void;
  setModalWindowBounds: (geometry: WindowGeometry) => void;
  getVisibleOverlayVisible: () => boolean;
  setVisibleOverlayVisible: (visible: boolean) => void;
-  getInvisibleOverlayVisible: () => boolean;
-  setInvisibleOverlayVisible: (visible: boolean) => void;
  getOverlayWindows: () => BrowserWindow[];
  broadcastToOverlayWindows: (channel: string, ...args: unknown[]) => void;
 }

 export function createOverlayManager(): OverlayManager {
  let mainWindow: BrowserWindow | null = null;
-  let invisibleWindow: BrowserWindow | null = null;
-  let secondaryWindow: BrowserWindow | null = null;
  let modalWindow: BrowserWindow | null = null;
  let visibleOverlayVisible = false;
-  let invisibleOverlayVisible = false;

  return {
    getMainWindow: () => mainWindow,
    setMainWindow: (window) => {
      mainWindow = window;
    },
-    getInvisibleWindow: () => invisibleWindow,
-    setInvisibleWindow: (window) => {
-      invisibleWindow = window;
-    },
-    getSecondaryWindow: () => secondaryWindow,
-    setSecondaryWindow: (window) => {
-      secondaryWindow = window;
-    },
    getModalWindow: () => modalWindow,
    setModalWindow: (window) => {
      modalWindow = window;
    },
-    getOverlayWindow: (layer) => (layer === 'visible' ? mainWindow : invisibleWindow),
-    setOverlayWindowBounds: (layer, geometry) => {
-      updateOverlayWindowBounds(geometry, layer === 'visible' ? mainWindow : invisibleWindow);
-    },
-    setSecondaryWindowBounds: (geometry) => {
-      updateOverlayWindowBounds(geometry, secondaryWindow);
+    getOverlayWindow: () => mainWindow,
+    setOverlayWindowBounds: (geometry) => {
+      updateOverlayWindowBounds(geometry, mainWindow);
    },
    setModalWindowBounds: (geometry) => {
      updateOverlayWindowBounds(geometry, modalWindow);
@@ -64,36 +41,12 @@ export function createOverlayManager(): OverlayManager {
    setVisibleOverlayVisible: (visible) => {
      visibleOverlayVisible = visible;
    },
-    getInvisibleOverlayVisible: () => invisibleOverlayVisible,
-    setInvisibleOverlayVisible: (visible) => {
-      invisibleOverlayVisible = visible;
-    },
    getOverlayWindows: () => {
-      const windows: BrowserWindow[] = [];
-      if (mainWindow && !mainWindow.isDestroyed()) {
-        windows.push(mainWindow);
-      }
-      if (invisibleWindow && !invisibleWindow.isDestroyed()) {
-        windows.push(invisibleWindow);
-      }
-      if (secondaryWindow && !secondaryWindow.isDestroyed()) {
-        windows.push(secondaryWindow);
-      }
-      return windows;
+      return mainWindow && !mainWindow.isDestroyed() ? [mainWindow] : [];
    },
    broadcastToOverlayWindows: (channel, ...args) => {
-      const windows: BrowserWindow[] = [];
      if (mainWindow && !mainWindow.isDestroyed()) {
-        windows.push(mainWindow);
-      }
-      if (invisibleWindow && !invisibleWindow.isDestroyed()) {
-        windows.push(invisibleWindow);
-      }
-      if (secondaryWindow && !secondaryWindow.isDestroyed()) {
-        windows.push(secondaryWindow);
-      }
-      for (const window of windows) {
-        window.webContents.send(channel, ...args);
+        mainWindow.webContents.send(channel, ...args);
      }
    },
  };
@@ -110,10 +63,8 @@ export function setOverlayDebugVisualizationEnabledRuntime(
  currentEnabled: boolean,
  nextEnabled: boolean,
  setState: (enabled: boolean) => void,
-  broadcastToOverlayWindows: (channel: string, ...args: unknown[]) => void,
 ): boolean {
  if (currentEnabled === nextEnabled) return false;
  setState(nextEnabled);
-  broadcastToOverlayWindows('overlay-debug-visualization:set', nextEnabled);
  return true;
 }
--- a/src/core/services/overlay-window-geometry.ts
+++ b/src/core/services/overlay-window-geometry.ts
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-import type { WindowGeometry } from '../../types';
-
-export const SECONDARY_OVERLAY_MAX_HEIGHT_RATIO = 0.2;
-
-function toInteger(value: number): number {
-  return Number.isFinite(value) ? Math.round(value) : 0;
-}
-
-function clampPositive(value: number): number {
-  return Math.max(1, toInteger(value));
-}
-
-export function splitOverlayGeometryForSecondaryBar(geometry: WindowGeometry): {
-  secondary: WindowGeometry;
-  primary: WindowGeometry;
-} {
-  const x = toInteger(geometry.x);
-  const y = toInteger(geometry.y);
-  const width = clampPositive(geometry.width);
-  const totalHeight = clampPositive(geometry.height);
-
-  const secondaryHeight = clampPositive(
-    Math.min(totalHeight, Math.round(totalHeight * SECONDARY_OVERLAY_MAX_HEIGHT_RATIO)),
-  );
-  const primaryHeight = clampPositive(totalHeight - secondaryHeight);
-
-  return {
-    secondary: {
-      x,
-      y,
-      width,
-      height: secondaryHeight,
-    },
-    primary: {
-      x,
-      y: y + secondaryHeight,
-      width,
-      height: primaryHeight,
-    },
-  };
-}
--- a/src/core/services/overlay-window.test.ts
+++ b/src/core/services/overlay-window.test.ts
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-import test from 'node:test';
-import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
-import { splitOverlayGeometryForSecondaryBar } from './overlay-window-geometry';
-
-test('splitOverlayGeometryForSecondaryBar returns 20/80 top-bottom regions', () => {
-  const regions = splitOverlayGeometryForSecondaryBar({
-    x: 100,
-    y: 50,
-    width: 1200,
-    height: 900,
-  });
-
-  assert.deepEqual(regions.secondary, {
-    x: 100,
-    y: 50,
-    width: 1200,
-    height: 180,
-  });
-  assert.deepEqual(regions.primary, {
-    x: 100,
-    y: 230,
-    width: 1200,
-    height: 720,
-  });
-});
-
-test('splitOverlayGeometryForSecondaryBar keeps positive sizes for tiny heights', () => {
-  const regions = splitOverlayGeometryForSecondaryBar({
-    x: 0,
-    y: 0,
-    width: 300,
-    height: 1,
-  });
-
-  assert.ok(regions.secondary.height >= 1);
-  assert.ok(regions.primary.height >= 1);
-});
--- a/src/core/services/overlay-window.ts
+++ b/src/core/services/overlay-window.ts
@@ -4,8 +4,25 @@ import { WindowGeometry } from '../../types';
 import { createLogger } from '../../logger';

 const logger = createLogger('main:overlay-window');
+const overlayWindowLayerByInstance = new WeakMap<BrowserWindow, OverlayWindowKind>();

-export type OverlayWindowKind = 'visible' | 'invisible' | 'secondary' | 'modal';
+function getOverlayWindowHtmlPath(): string {
+  return path.join(__dirname, '..', '..', 'renderer', 'index.html');
+}
+
+function loadOverlayWindowLayer(window: BrowserWindow, layer: OverlayWindowKind): void {
+  overlayWindowLayerByInstance.set(window, layer);
+  const htmlPath = getOverlayWindowHtmlPath();
+  window
+    .loadFile(htmlPath, {
+      query: { layer },
+    })
+    .catch((err) => {
+      logger.error('Failed to load HTML file:', err);
+    });
+}
+
+export type OverlayWindowKind = 'visible' | 'modal';

 export function updateOverlayWindowBounds(
  geometry: WindowGeometry,
@@ -32,14 +49,11 @@ export function ensureOverlayWindowLevel(window: BrowserWindow): void {

 export function enforceOverlayLayerOrder(options: {
  visibleOverlayVisible: boolean;
-  invisibleOverlayVisible: boolean;
  mainWindow: BrowserWindow | null;
-  invisibleWindow: BrowserWindow | null;
  ensureOverlayWindowLevel: (window: BrowserWindow) => void;
 }): void {
-  if (!options.visibleOverlayVisible || !options.invisibleOverlayVisible) return;
+  if (!options.visibleOverlayVisible) return;
  if (!options.mainWindow || options.mainWindow.isDestroyed()) return;
-  if (!options.invisibleWindow || options.invisibleWindow.isDestroyed()) return;

  options.ensureOverlayWindowLevel(options.mainWindow);
  options.mainWindow.moveTop();
@@ -49,7 +63,6 @@ export function createOverlayWindow(
  kind: OverlayWindowKind,
  options: {
    isDev: boolean;
-    overlayDebugVisualizationEnabled: boolean;
    ensureOverlayWindowLevel: (window: BrowserWindow) => void;
    onRuntimeOptionsChanged: () => void;
    setOverlayDebugVisualizationEnabled: (enabled: boolean) => void;
@@ -83,16 +96,7 @@ export function createOverlayWindow(
  });

  options.ensureOverlayWindowLevel(window);
-
-  const htmlPath = path.join(__dirname, '..', '..', 'renderer', 'index.html');
-
-  window
-    .loadFile(htmlPath, {
-      query: { layer: kind },
-    })
-    .catch((err) => {
-      logger.error('Failed to load HTML file:', err);
-    });
+  loadOverlayWindowLayer(window, kind);

  window.webContents.on('did-fail-load', (_event, errorCode, errorDescription, validatedURL) => {
    logger.error('Page failed to load:', errorCode, errorDescription, validatedURL);
@@ -100,10 +104,6 @@ export function createOverlayWindow(

  window.webContents.on('did-finish-load', () => {
    options.onRuntimeOptionsChanged();
-    window.webContents.send(
-      'overlay-debug-visualization:set',
-      options.overlayDebugVisualizationEnabled,
-    );
  });

  if (kind === 'visible') {
@@ -140,3 +140,9 @@ export function createOverlayWindow(

  return window;
 }
+
+export function syncOverlayWindowLayer(window: BrowserWindow, layer: 'visible'): void {
+  if (window.isDestroyed()) return;
+  if (overlayWindowLayerByInstance.get(window) === layer) return;
+  loadOverlayWindowLayer(window, layer);
+}
--- a/src/main.ts
+++ b/src/main.ts
@@ -218,7 +218,6 @@ import {
  createBuildSetOverlayDebugVisualizationEnabledMainDepsHandler,
  createBuildEnforceOverlayLayerOrderMainDepsHandler,
  createBuildEnsureOverlayWindowLevelMainDepsHandler,
-  createBuildUpdateInvisibleOverlayBoundsMainDepsHandler,
  createBuildUpdateVisibleOverlayBoundsMainDepsHandler,
  createOverlayWindowRuntimeHandlers,
  createOverlayRuntimeBootstrapHandlers,
@@ -234,7 +233,6 @@ import {
  createSetOverlayDebugVisualizationEnabledHandler,
  createEnforceOverlayLayerOrderHandler,
  createEnsureOverlayWindowLevelHandler,
-  createUpdateInvisibleOverlayBoundsHandler,
  createUpdateVisibleOverlayBoundsHandler,
  createLoadSubtitlePositionHandler,
  createSaveSubtitlePositionHandler,
@@ -356,16 +354,16 @@ import {
  runStartupBootstrapRuntime,
  saveSubtitlePosition as saveSubtitlePositionCore,
  sendMpvCommandRuntime,
-  setInvisibleOverlayVisible as setInvisibleOverlayVisibleCore,
+  setMpvSecondarySubVisibilityRuntime,
  setMpvSubVisibilityRuntime,
  setOverlayDebugVisualizationEnabledRuntime,
+  syncOverlayWindowLayer,
  setVisibleOverlayVisible as setVisibleOverlayVisibleCore,
  showMpvOsdRuntime,
  tokenizeSubtitle as tokenizeSubtitleCore,
  triggerFieldGrouping as triggerFieldGroupingCore,
  updateLastCardFromClipboard as updateLastCardFromClipboardCore,
 } from './core/services';
-import { splitOverlayGeometryForSecondaryBar } from './core/services/overlay-window-geometry';
 import { createAnilistUpdateQueue } from './core/services/anilist/anilist-update-queue';
 import {
  guessAnilistMediaInfo,
@@ -376,7 +374,10 @@ import { applyRuntimeOptionResultRuntime } from './core/services/runtime-options
 import { createAnilistTokenStore } from './core/services/anilist/anilist-token-store';
 import { createBuildOverlayShortcutsRuntimeMainDepsHandler } from './main/runtime/domains/shortcuts';
 import { createMainRuntimeRegistry } from './main/runtime/registry';
-import { createApplyHoveredTokenOverlayHandler } from './main/runtime/mpv-hover-highlight';
+import {
+  createEnsureOverlayMpvSubtitlesHiddenHandler,
+  createRestoreOverlayMpvSubtitlesHandler,
+} from './main/runtime/overlay-mpv-sub-visibility';
 import {
  composeAnilistSetupHandlers,
  composeAnilistTrackingHandlers,
@@ -644,7 +645,6 @@ const buildOverlayContentMeasurementStoreMainDepsHandler =
  });
 const buildOverlayModalRuntimeMainDepsHandler = createBuildOverlayModalRuntimeMainDepsHandler({
  getMainWindow: () => overlayManager.getMainWindow(),
-  getInvisibleWindow: () => overlayManager.getInvisibleWindow(),
  getModalWindow: () => overlayManager.getModalWindow(),
  createModalWindow: () => createModalWindow(),
  getModalGeometry: () => getCurrentOverlayGeometry(),
@@ -725,13 +725,70 @@ async function initializeDiscordPresenceService(): Promise<void> {
  await appState.discordPresenceService.start();
  publishDiscordPresence();
 }
-const applyHoveredTokenOverlay = createApplyHoveredTokenOverlayHandler({
+const ensureOverlayMpvSubtitlesHidden = createEnsureOverlayMpvSubtitlesHiddenHandler({
  getMpvClient: () => appState.mpvClient,
-  getCurrentSubtitleData: () => appState.currentSubtitleData,
-  getHoveredTokenIndex: () => appState.hoveredSubtitleTokenIndex,
-  getHoveredSubtitleRevision: () => appState.hoveredSubtitleRevision,
-  getHoverTokenColor: () => getResolvedConfig().subtitleStyle.hoverTokenColor ?? null,
+  getSavedSubVisibility: () => appState.overlaySavedMpvSubVisibility,
+  setSavedSubVisibility: (visible) => {
+    appState.overlaySavedMpvSubVisibility = visible;
+  },
+  getSavedSecondarySubVisibility: () => appState.overlaySavedSecondaryMpvSubVisibility,
+  setSavedSecondarySubVisibility: (visible) => {
+    appState.overlaySavedSecondaryMpvSubVisibility = visible;
+  },
+  getRevision: () => appState.overlayMpvSubVisibilityRevision,
+  setRevision: (revision) => {
+    appState.overlayMpvSubVisibilityRevision = revision;
+  },
+  setMpvSubVisibility: (visible) => {
+    setMpvSubVisibilityRuntime(appState.mpvClient, visible);
+  },
+  setMpvSecondarySubVisibility: (visible) => {
+    setMpvSecondarySubVisibilityRuntime(appState.mpvClient, visible);
+  },
+  logWarn: (message, error) => {
+    logger.warn(message, error);
+  },
 });
+const restoreOverlayMpvSubtitles = createRestoreOverlayMpvSubtitlesHandler({
+  getSavedSubVisibility: () => appState.overlaySavedMpvSubVisibility,
+  setSavedSubVisibility: (visible) => {
+    appState.overlaySavedMpvSubVisibility = visible;
+  },
+  getSavedSecondarySubVisibility: () => appState.overlaySavedSecondaryMpvSubVisibility,
+  setSavedSecondarySubVisibility: (visible) => {
+    appState.overlaySavedSecondaryMpvSubVisibility = visible;
+  },
+  getRevision: () => appState.overlayMpvSubVisibilityRevision,
+  setRevision: (revision) => {
+    appState.overlayMpvSubVisibilityRevision = revision;
+  },
+  isMpvConnected: () => Boolean(appState.mpvClient?.connected),
+  shouldKeepSuppressedFromVisibleOverlayBinding: () => shouldSuppressMpvSubtitlesForOverlay(),
+  setMpvSubVisibility: (visible) => {
+    setMpvSubVisibilityRuntime(appState.mpvClient, visible);
+  },
+  setMpvSecondarySubVisibility: (visible) => {
+    setMpvSecondarySubVisibilityRuntime(appState.mpvClient, visible);
+  },
+});
+
+function shouldSuppressMpvSubtitlesForOverlay(): boolean {
+  return (
+    appState.secondarySubMode === 'visible' ||
+    (overlayManager.getVisibleOverlayVisible() &&
+      configDerivedRuntime.shouldBindVisibleOverlayToMpvSubVisibility())
+  );
+}
+
+function syncOverlayMpvSubtitleSuppression(): void {
+  if (shouldSuppressMpvSubtitlesForOverlay()) {
+    void ensureOverlayMpvSubtitlesHidden();
+    return;
+  }
+
+  restoreOverlayMpvSubtitles();
+}
+
 const buildImmersionMediaRuntimeMainDepsHandler = createBuildImmersionMediaRuntimeMainDepsHandler({
  getResolvedConfig: () => getResolvedConfig(),
  defaultImmersionDbPath: DEFAULT_IMMERSION_DB_PATH,
@@ -766,7 +823,6 @@ const buildAnilistStateRuntimeMainDepsHandler = createBuildAnilistStateRuntimeMa
 const buildConfigDerivedRuntimeMainDepsHandler = createBuildConfigDerivedRuntimeMainDepsHandler({
  getResolvedConfig: () => getResolvedConfig(),
  getRuntimeOptionsManager: () => appState.runtimeOptionsManager,
-  platform: process.platform,
  defaultJimakuLanguagePreference: DEFAULT_CONFIG.jimaku.languagePreference,
  defaultJimakuMaxEntryResults: DEFAULT_CONFIG.jimaku.maxEntryResults,
  defaultJimakuApiBaseUrl: DEFAULT_CONFIG.jimaku.apiBaseUrl,
@@ -801,15 +857,7 @@ const buildSubtitleProcessingControllerMainDepsHandler =
      return await tokenizeSubtitle(text);
    },
    emitSubtitle: (payload) => {
-      const previousSubtitleText = appState.currentSubtitleData?.text ?? null;
-      const nextSubtitleText = payload?.text ?? null;
-      const subtitleChanged = previousSubtitleText !== nextSubtitleText;
      appState.currentSubtitleData = payload;
-      if (subtitleChanged) {
-        appState.hoveredSubtitleTokenIndex = null;
-        appState.hoveredSubtitleRevision += 1;
-        applyHoveredTokenOverlay();
-      }
      broadcastToOverlayWindows('subtitle:set', payload);
      subtitleWsService.broadcast(payload, {
        enabled: getResolvedConfig().subtitleStyle.frequencyDictionary.enabled,
@@ -850,7 +898,7 @@ const overlayShortcutsRuntime = createOverlayShortcutsRuntimeService(
    copySubtitle: () => {
      copyCurrentSubtitle();
    },
-    toggleSecondarySubMode: () => cycleSecondarySubMode(),
+    toggleSecondarySubMode: () => handleCycleSecondarySubMode(),
    updateLastCardFromClipboard: () => updateLastCardFromClipboard(),
    triggerFieldGrouping: () => triggerFieldGrouping(),
    triggerSubsyncFromConfig: () => triggerSubsyncFromConfig(),
@@ -899,8 +947,7 @@ const buildConfigHotReloadAppliedMainDepsHandler = createBuildConfigHotReloadApp
      refreshGlobalAndOverlayShortcuts();
    },
    setSecondarySubMode: (mode) => {
-      appState.secondarySubMode = mode;
-      syncSecondaryOverlayWindowVisibility();
+      setSecondarySubMode(mode);
    },
    broadcastToOverlayWindows: (channel, payload) => {
      broadcastToOverlayWindows(channel, payload);
@@ -1023,9 +1070,7 @@ const fieldGroupingOverlayRuntime = createFieldGroupingOverlayRuntime<OverlayHos
  createBuildFieldGroupingOverlayMainDepsHandler<OverlayHostedModal>({
    getMainWindow: () => overlayManager.getMainWindow(),
    getVisibleOverlayVisible: () => overlayManager.getVisibleOverlayVisible(),
-    getInvisibleOverlayVisible: () => overlayManager.getInvisibleOverlayVisible(),
    setVisibleOverlayVisible: (visible) => setVisibleOverlayVisible(visible),
-    setInvisibleOverlayVisible: (visible) => setInvisibleOverlayVisible(visible),
    getResolver: () => getFieldGroupingResolver(),
    setResolver: (resolver) => setFieldGroupingResolver(resolver),
    getRestoreVisibleOverlayOnModalClose: () =>
@@ -1067,26 +1112,40 @@ const mediaRuntime = createMediaRuntimeService(
 const overlayVisibilityRuntime = createOverlayVisibilityRuntimeService(
  createBuildOverlayVisibilityRuntimeMainDepsHandler({
    getMainWindow: () => overlayManager.getMainWindow(),
-    getInvisibleWindow: () => overlayManager.getInvisibleWindow(),
    getVisibleOverlayVisible: () => overlayManager.getVisibleOverlayVisible(),
-    getInvisibleOverlayVisible: () => overlayManager.getInvisibleOverlayVisible(),
    getWindowTracker: () => appState.windowTracker,
    getTrackerNotReadyWarningShown: () => appState.trackerNotReadyWarningShown,
    setTrackerNotReadyWarningShown: (shown: boolean) => {
      appState.trackerNotReadyWarningShown = shown;
    },
    updateVisibleOverlayBounds: (geometry: WindowGeometry) => updateVisibleOverlayBounds(geometry),
-    updateInvisibleOverlayBounds: (geometry: WindowGeometry) =>
-      updateInvisibleOverlayBounds(geometry),
    ensureOverlayWindowLevel: (window) => {
      ensureOverlayWindowLevel(window);
    },
+    syncPrimaryOverlayWindowLayer: (layer) => {
+      syncPrimaryOverlayWindowLayer(layer);
+    },
    enforceOverlayLayerOrder: () => {
      enforceOverlayLayerOrder();
    },
    syncOverlayShortcuts: () => {
      overlayShortcutsRuntime.syncOverlayShortcuts();
    },
+    isMacOSPlatform: () => process.platform === 'darwin',
+    showOverlayLoadingOsd: (message: string) => {
+      showMpvOsd(message);
+    },
+    resolveFallbackBounds: () => {
+      const cursorPoint = screen.getCursorScreenPoint();
+      const display = screen.getDisplayNearestPoint(cursorPoint);
+      const fallbackBounds = display.workArea;
+      return {
+        x: fallbackBounds.x,
+        y: fallbackBounds.y,
+        width: fallbackBounds.width,
+        height: fallbackBounds.height,
+      };
+    },
  })(),
 );

@@ -1165,7 +1224,6 @@ const buildSetOverlayDebugVisualizationEnabledMainDepsHandler =
    setCurrentEnabled: (next) => {
      appState.overlayDebugVisualizationEnabled = next;
    },
-    broadcastToOverlayWindows: (channel, ...args) => broadcastToOverlayWindows(channel, ...args),
  });
 const setOverlayDebugVisualizationEnabledMainDeps =
  buildSetOverlayDebugVisualizationEnabledMainDepsHandler();
@@ -1826,6 +1884,9 @@ const {
    destroyTray: () => destroyTray(),
    stopConfigHotReload: () => configHotReloadRuntime.stop(),
    restorePreviousSecondarySubVisibility: () => restorePreviousSecondarySubVisibility(),
+    restoreMpvSubVisibilityForInvisibleOverlay: () => {
+      restoreOverlayMpvSubtitles({ respectVisibleOverlayBinding: false });
+    },
    unregisterAllGlobalShortcuts: () => globalShortcut.unregisterAll(),
    stopSubtitleWebsocket: () => subtitleWsService.stop(),
    stopTexthookerService: () => texthookerService.stop(),
@@ -1870,14 +1931,11 @@ const {
    createMainWindow: () => {
      createMainWindow();
    },
-    createInvisibleWindow: () => {
-      createInvisibleWindow();
-    },
    updateVisibleOverlayVisibility: () => {
      overlayVisibilityRuntime.updateVisibleOverlayVisibility();
    },
-    updateInvisibleOverlayVisibility: () => {
-      overlayVisibilityRuntime.updateInvisibleOverlayVisibility();
+    syncOverlayMpvSubtitleSuppression: () => {
+      syncOverlayMpvSubtitleSuppression();
    },
  },
 });
@@ -1934,8 +1992,7 @@ const { reloadConfig: reloadConfigHandler, appReadyRuntimeRunner } = composeAppR
      );
    },
    setSecondarySubMode: (mode: SecondarySubMode) => {
-      appState.secondarySubMode = mode;
-      syncSecondaryOverlayWindowVisibility();
+      setSecondarySubMode(mode);
    },
    defaultSecondarySubMode: 'hover',
    defaultWebsocketPort: DEFAULT_CONFIG.websocket.port,
@@ -2124,6 +2181,9 @@ const {
    updateCurrentMediaPath: (path) => {
      mediaRuntime.updateCurrentMediaPath(path);
    },
+    restoreMpvSubVisibilityForInvisibleOverlay: () => {
+      restoreOverlayMpvSubtitles({ respectVisibleOverlayBinding: false });
+    },
    getCurrentAnilistMediaKey: () => getCurrentAnilistMediaKey(),
    resetAnilistMediaTracking: (mediaKey) => {
      resetAnilistMediaTracking(mediaKey);
@@ -2149,6 +2209,9 @@ const {
    updateSubtitleRenderMetrics: (patch) => {
      updateMpvSubtitleRenderMetrics(patch as Partial<MpvSubtitleRenderMetrics>);
    },
+    syncOverlayMpvSubtitleSuppression: () => {
+      syncOverlayMpvSubtitleSuppression();
+    },
  },
  mpvClientRuntimeServiceFactoryMainDeps: {
    createClient: MpvIpcClient,
@@ -2170,8 +2233,8 @@ const {
      appState.mpvSubtitleRenderMetrics = metrics;
    },
    applyPatch: (current, patch) => applyMpvSubtitleRenderMetricsPatch(current, patch),
-    broadcastMetrics: (metrics) => {
-      broadcastToOverlayWindows('mpv-subtitle-render-metrics:set', metrics);
+    broadcastMetrics: () => {
+      // no renderer consumer for subtitle render metrics updates at present
    },
  },
  tokenizer: {
@@ -2276,52 +2339,21 @@ function getCurrentOverlayGeometry(): WindowGeometry {
  return getOverlayGeometryFallback();
 }

-function syncSecondaryOverlayWindowVisibility(): void {
-  const secondaryWindow = overlayManager.getSecondaryWindow();
-  if (!secondaryWindow || secondaryWindow.isDestroyed()) return;
-
-  if (appState.secondarySubMode === 'hidden') {
-    secondaryWindow.setIgnoreMouseEvents(true, { forward: true });
-    secondaryWindow.hide();
-    return;
-  }
-
-  secondaryWindow.setIgnoreMouseEvents(false);
-  ensureOverlayWindowLevel(secondaryWindow);
-  if (typeof secondaryWindow.showInactive === 'function') {
-    secondaryWindow.showInactive();
-  } else {
-    secondaryWindow.show();
-  }
-}
-
-function applyOverlayRegions(layer: 'visible' | 'invisible', geometry: WindowGeometry): void {
+function applyOverlayRegions(geometry: WindowGeometry): void {
  lastOverlayWindowGeometry = geometry;
-  const regions = splitOverlayGeometryForSecondaryBar(geometry);
-  overlayManager.setOverlayWindowBounds(layer, regions.primary);
-  overlayManager.setSecondaryWindowBounds(regions.secondary);
+  overlayManager.setOverlayWindowBounds(geometry);
  overlayManager.setModalWindowBounds(geometry);
-  syncSecondaryOverlayWindowVisibility();
 }

 const buildUpdateVisibleOverlayBoundsMainDepsHandler =
  createBuildUpdateVisibleOverlayBoundsMainDepsHandler({
-    setOverlayWindowBounds: (layer, geometry) => applyOverlayRegions(layer, geometry),
+    setOverlayWindowBounds: (geometry) => applyOverlayRegions(geometry),
  });
 const updateVisibleOverlayBoundsMainDeps = buildUpdateVisibleOverlayBoundsMainDepsHandler();
 const updateVisibleOverlayBounds = createUpdateVisibleOverlayBoundsHandler(
  updateVisibleOverlayBoundsMainDeps,
 );

-const buildUpdateInvisibleOverlayBoundsMainDepsHandler =
-  createBuildUpdateInvisibleOverlayBoundsMainDepsHandler({
-    setOverlayWindowBounds: (layer, geometry) => applyOverlayRegions(layer, geometry),
-  });
-const updateInvisibleOverlayBoundsMainDeps = buildUpdateInvisibleOverlayBoundsMainDepsHandler();
-const updateInvisibleOverlayBounds = createUpdateInvisibleOverlayBoundsHandler(
-  updateInvisibleOverlayBoundsMainDeps,
-);
-
 const buildEnsureOverlayWindowLevelMainDepsHandler =
  createBuildEnsureOverlayWindowLevelMainDepsHandler({
    ensureOverlayWindowLevelCore: (window) => ensureOverlayWindowLevelCore(window as BrowserWindow),
@@ -2331,21 +2363,23 @@ const ensureOverlayWindowLevel = createEnsureOverlayWindowLevelHandler(
  ensureOverlayWindowLevelMainDeps,
 );

+function syncPrimaryOverlayWindowLayer(layer: 'visible'): void {
+  const mainWindow = overlayManager.getMainWindow();
+  if (!mainWindow || mainWindow.isDestroyed()) return;
+  syncOverlayWindowLayer(mainWindow, layer);
+}
+
 const buildEnforceOverlayLayerOrderMainDepsHandler =
  createBuildEnforceOverlayLayerOrderMainDepsHandler({
    enforceOverlayLayerOrderCore: (params) =>
      enforceOverlayLayerOrderCore({
        visibleOverlayVisible: params.visibleOverlayVisible,
-        invisibleOverlayVisible: params.invisibleOverlayVisible,
        mainWindow: params.mainWindow as BrowserWindow | null,
-        invisibleWindow: params.invisibleWindow as BrowserWindow | null,
        ensureOverlayWindowLevel: (window) =>
          params.ensureOverlayWindowLevel(window as BrowserWindow),
      }),
    getVisibleOverlayVisible: () => overlayManager.getVisibleOverlayVisible(),
-    getInvisibleOverlayVisible: () => overlayManager.getInvisibleOverlayVisible(),
    getMainWindow: () => overlayManager.getMainWindow(),
-    getInvisibleWindow: () => overlayManager.getInvisibleWindow(),
    ensureOverlayWindowLevel: (window) => ensureOverlayWindowLevel(window as BrowserWindow),
  });
 const enforceOverlayLayerOrderMainDeps = buildEnforceOverlayLayerOrderMainDepsHandler();
@@ -2361,7 +2395,7 @@ async function ensureYomitanExtensionLoaded(): Promise<Extension | null> {
  return yomitanExtensionRuntime.ensureYomitanExtensionLoaded();
 }

-function createOverlayWindow(kind: 'visible' | 'invisible' | 'secondary' | 'modal'): BrowserWindow {
+function createOverlayWindow(kind: 'visible' | 'modal'): BrowserWindow {
  return createOverlayWindowHandler(kind);
 }

@@ -2375,25 +2409,9 @@ function createModalWindow(): BrowserWindow {
  return window;
 }

-function createSecondaryWindow(): BrowserWindow {
-  const existingWindow = overlayManager.getSecondaryWindow();
-  if (existingWindow && !existingWindow.isDestroyed()) {
-    return existingWindow;
-  }
-  const window = createSecondaryWindowHandler();
-  applyOverlayRegions('visible', getCurrentOverlayGeometry());
-  return window;
-}
-
 function createMainWindow(): BrowserWindow {
-  const window = createMainWindowHandler();
-  createSecondaryWindow();
-  return window;
+  return createMainWindowHandler();
 }
-function createInvisibleWindow(): BrowserWindow {
-  return createInvisibleWindowHandler();
-}
-
 function resolveTrayIconPath(): string | null {
  return resolveTrayIconPathHandler();
 }
@@ -2412,6 +2430,7 @@ function destroyTray(): void {

 function initializeOverlayRuntime(): void {
  initializeOverlayRuntimeHandler();
+  syncOverlayMpvSubtitleSuppression();
 }

 function openYomitanSettings(): void {
@@ -2441,7 +2460,6 @@ const {
      getConfiguredShortcuts: () => getConfiguredShortcutsHandler(),
      registerGlobalShortcutsCore,
      toggleVisibleOverlay: () => toggleVisibleOverlay(),
-      toggleInvisibleOverlay: () => toggleInvisibleOverlay(),
      openYomitanSettings: () => openYomitanSettings(),
      isDev,
      getMainWindow: () => overlayManager.getMainWindow(),
@@ -2495,8 +2513,7 @@ const cycleSecondarySubMode = createCycleSecondarySubModeRuntimeHandler({
  cycleSecondarySubModeMainDeps: {
    getSecondarySubMode: () => appState.secondarySubMode,
    setSecondarySubMode: (mode: SecondarySubMode) => {
-      appState.secondarySubMode = mode;
-      syncSecondaryOverlayWindowVisibility();
+      setSecondarySubMode(mode);
    },
    getLastSecondarySubToggleAtMs: () => appState.lastSecondarySubToggleAtMs,
    setLastSecondarySubToggleAtMs: (timestampMs: number) => {
@@ -2510,6 +2527,15 @@ const cycleSecondarySubMode = createCycleSecondarySubModeRuntimeHandler({
  cycleSecondarySubMode: (deps) => cycleSecondarySubModeCore(deps),
 });

+function setSecondarySubMode(mode: SecondarySubMode): void {
+  appState.secondarySubMode = mode;
+  syncOverlayMpvSubtitleSuppression();
+}
+
+function handleCycleSecondarySubMode(): void {
+  cycleSecondarySubMode();
+}
+
 async function triggerSubsyncFromConfig(): Promise<void> {
  await subsyncRuntime.triggerFromConfig();
 }
@@ -2613,9 +2639,7 @@ const handleMineSentenceDigitHandler = createHandleMineSentenceDigitHandler(
 );
 const {
  setVisibleOverlayVisible: setVisibleOverlayVisibleHandler,
-  setInvisibleOverlayVisible: setInvisibleOverlayVisibleHandler,
  toggleVisibleOverlay: toggleVisibleOverlayHandler,
-  toggleInvisibleOverlay: toggleInvisibleOverlayHandler,
  setOverlayVisible: setOverlayVisibleHandler,
  toggleOverlay: toggleOverlayHandler,
 } = createOverlayVisibilityRuntime({
@@ -2625,29 +2649,8 @@ const {
      overlayManager.setVisibleOverlayVisible(nextVisible);
    },
    updateVisibleOverlayVisibility: () => overlayVisibilityRuntime.updateVisibleOverlayVisibility(),
-    updateInvisibleOverlayVisibility: () =>
-      overlayVisibilityRuntime.updateInvisibleOverlayVisibility(),
-    syncInvisibleOverlayMousePassthrough: () =>
-      overlayVisibilityRuntime.syncInvisibleOverlayMousePassthrough(),
-    shouldBindVisibleOverlayToMpvSubVisibility: () =>
-      configDerivedRuntime.shouldBindVisibleOverlayToMpvSubVisibility(),
-    isMpvConnected: () => Boolean(appState.mpvClient && appState.mpvClient.connected),
-    setMpvSubVisibility: (mpvSubVisible) => {
-      setMpvSubVisibilityRuntime(appState.mpvClient, mpvSubVisible);
-    },
-  },
-  setInvisibleOverlayVisibleDeps: {
-    setInvisibleOverlayVisibleCore,
-    setInvisibleOverlayVisibleState: (nextVisible) => {
-      overlayManager.setInvisibleOverlayVisible(nextVisible);
-    },
-    updateInvisibleOverlayVisibility: () =>
-      overlayVisibilityRuntime.updateInvisibleOverlayVisibility(),
-    syncInvisibleOverlayMousePassthrough: () =>
-      overlayVisibilityRuntime.syncInvisibleOverlayMousePassthrough(),
  },
  getVisibleOverlayVisible: () => overlayManager.getVisibleOverlayVisible(),
-  getInvisibleOverlayVisible: () => overlayManager.getInvisibleOverlayVisible(),
 });

 const buildHandleOverlayModalClosedMainDepsHandler =
@@ -2707,10 +2710,8 @@ const {
      showMpvOsd: (text: string) => showMpvOsd(text),
    },
    mainDeps: {
-      getInvisibleWindow: () => overlayManager.getInvisibleWindow(),
      getMainWindow: () => overlayManager.getMainWindow(),
      getVisibleOverlayVisibility: () => overlayManager.getVisibleOverlayVisible(),
-      getInvisibleOverlayVisibility: () => overlayManager.getInvisibleOverlayVisible(),
      focusMainWindow: () => {
        const mainWindow = overlayManager.getMainWindow();
        if (!mainWindow || mainWindow.isDestroyed()) return;
@@ -2721,13 +2722,15 @@ const {
      onOverlayModalClosed: (modal) => {
        handleOverlayModalClosed(modal);
      },
+      onOverlayModalOpened: (modal) => {
+        overlayModalRuntime.notifyOverlayModalOpened(modal);
+      },
      openYomitanSettings: () => openYomitanSettings(),
      quitApp: () => app.quit(),
      toggleVisibleOverlay: () => toggleVisibleOverlay(),
      tokenizeCurrentSubtitle: () => tokenizeSubtitle(appState.currentSubText),
      getCurrentSubtitleRaw: () => appState.currentSubText,
      getCurrentSubtitleAss: () => appState.currentSubAssText,
-      getMpvSubtitleRenderMetrics: () => appState.mpvSubtitleRenderMetrics,
      getSubtitlePosition: () => loadSubtitlePosition(),
      getSubtitleStyle: () => {
        const resolvedConfig = getResolvedConfig();
@@ -2744,9 +2747,6 @@ const {
      reportOverlayContentBounds: (payload: unknown) => {
        overlayContentMeasurementStore.report(payload);
      },
-      reportHoveredSubtitleToken: (tokenIndex: number | null) => {
-        reportHoveredSubtitleToken(tokenIndex);
-      },
      getAnilistStatus: () => anilistStateRuntime.getStatusSnapshot(),
      clearAnilistToken: () => anilistStateRuntime.clearTokenState(),
      openAnilistSetup: () => openAnilistSetupWindow(),
@@ -2800,9 +2800,7 @@ const createCliCommandContextHandler = createCliCommandContextFactory({
  showMpvOsd: (text: string) => showMpvOsd(text),
  initializeOverlayRuntime: () => initializeOverlayRuntime(),
  toggleVisibleOverlay: () => toggleVisibleOverlay(),
-  toggleInvisibleOverlay: () => toggleInvisibleOverlay(),
  setVisibleOverlayVisible: (visible: boolean) => setVisibleOverlayVisible(visible),
-  setInvisibleOverlayVisible: (visible: boolean) => setInvisibleOverlayVisible(visible),
  copyCurrentSubtitle: () => copyCurrentSubtitle(),
  startPendingMultiCopy: (timeoutMs: number) => startPendingMultiCopy(timeoutMs),
  mineSentenceCard: () => mineSentenceCard(),
@@ -2821,7 +2819,7 @@ const createCliCommandContextHandler = createCliCommandContextFactory({
  processNextAnilistRetryUpdate: () => processNextAnilistRetryUpdate(),
  runJellyfinCommand: (argsFromCommand: CliArgs) => runJellyfinCommand(argsFromCommand),
  openYomitanSettings: () => openYomitanSettings(),
-  cycleSecondarySubMode: () => cycleSecondarySubMode(),
+  cycleSecondarySubMode: () => handleCycleSecondarySubMode(),
  openRuntimeOptionsPalette: () => openRuntimeOptionsPalette(),
  printHelp: () => printHelp(DEFAULT_TEXTHOOKER_PORT),
  stopApp: () => app.quit(),
@@ -2835,40 +2833,29 @@ const createCliCommandContextHandler = createCliCommandContextFactory({
 const {
  createOverlayWindow: createOverlayWindowHandler,
  createMainWindow: createMainWindowHandler,
-  createInvisibleWindow: createInvisibleWindowHandler,
-  createSecondaryWindow: createSecondaryWindowHandler,
  createModalWindow: createModalWindowHandler,
 } = createOverlayWindowRuntimeHandlers<BrowserWindow>({
  createOverlayWindowDeps: {
    createOverlayWindowCore: (kind, options) => createOverlayWindowCore(kind, options),
    isDev,
-    getOverlayDebugVisualizationEnabled: () => appState.overlayDebugVisualizationEnabled,
    ensureOverlayWindowLevel: (window) => ensureOverlayWindowLevel(window),
    onRuntimeOptionsChanged: () => broadcastRuntimeOptionsChanged(),
    setOverlayDebugVisualizationEnabled: (enabled) => setOverlayDebugVisualizationEnabled(enabled),
    isOverlayVisible: (windowKind) =>
      windowKind === 'visible'
        ? overlayManager.getVisibleOverlayVisible()
-        : windowKind === 'invisible'
-          ? overlayManager.getInvisibleOverlayVisible()
-          : false,
+        : false,
    tryHandleOverlayShortcutLocalFallback: (input) =>
      overlayShortcutsRuntime.tryHandleOverlayShortcutLocalFallback(input),
    onWindowClosed: (windowKind) => {
      if (windowKind === 'visible') {
        overlayManager.setMainWindow(null);
-      } else if (windowKind === 'invisible') {
-        overlayManager.setInvisibleWindow(null);
-      } else if (windowKind === 'secondary') {
-        overlayManager.setSecondaryWindow(null);
      } else {
        overlayManager.setModalWindow(null);
      }
    },
  },
  setMainWindow: (window) => overlayManager.setMainWindow(window),
-  setInvisibleWindow: (window) => overlayManager.setInvisibleWindow(window),
-  setSecondaryWindow: (window) => overlayManager.setSecondaryWindow(window),
  setModalWindow: (window) => overlayManager.setModalWindow(window),
 });
 const {
@@ -2948,24 +2935,17 @@ const { initializeOverlayRuntime: initializeOverlayRuntimeHandler } =
      appState,
      overlayManager: {
        getVisibleOverlayVisible: () => overlayManager.getVisibleOverlayVisible(),
-        getInvisibleOverlayVisible: () => overlayManager.getInvisibleOverlayVisible(),
      },
      overlayVisibilityRuntime: {
        updateVisibleOverlayVisibility: () =>
          overlayVisibilityRuntime.updateVisibleOverlayVisibility(),
-        updateInvisibleOverlayVisibility: () =>
-          overlayVisibilityRuntime.updateInvisibleOverlayVisibility(),
      },
      overlayShortcutsRuntime: {
        syncOverlayShortcuts: () => overlayShortcutsRuntime.syncOverlayShortcuts(),
      },
-      getInitialInvisibleOverlayVisibility: () =>
-        configDerivedRuntime.getInitialInvisibleOverlayVisibility(),
      createMainWindow: () => createMainWindow(),
-      createInvisibleWindow: () => createInvisibleWindow(),
      registerGlobalShortcuts: () => registerGlobalShortcuts(),
-      updateVisibleOverlayBounds: (geometry) => updateVisibleOverlayBounds(geometry),
-      updateInvisibleOverlayBounds: (geometry) => updateInvisibleOverlayBounds(geometry),
+      updateVisibleOverlayBounds: (geometry: WindowGeometry) => updateVisibleOverlayBounds(geometry),
      getOverlayWindows: () => getOverlayWindows(),
      getResolvedConfig: () => getResolvedConfig(),
      showDesktopNotification,
@@ -2975,9 +2955,6 @@ const { initializeOverlayRuntime: initializeOverlayRuntimeHandler } =
    initializeOverlayRuntimeBootstrapDeps: {
      isOverlayRuntimeInitialized: () => appState.overlayRuntimeInitialized,
      initializeOverlayRuntimeCore,
-      setInvisibleOverlayVisible: (visible) => {
-        overlayManager.setInvisibleOverlayVisible(visible);
-      },
      setOverlayRuntimeInitialized: (initialized) => {
        appState.overlayRuntimeInitialized = initialized;
      },
@@ -3035,39 +3012,26 @@ function ensureOverlayWindowsReadyForVisibilityActions(): void {
  if (!mainWindow || mainWindow.isDestroyed()) {
    createMainWindow();
  }
-
-  const invisibleWindow = overlayManager.getInvisibleWindow();
-  if (!invisibleWindow || invisibleWindow.isDestroyed()) {
-    createInvisibleWindow();
-  }
 }

 function setVisibleOverlayVisible(visible: boolean): void {
  ensureOverlayWindowsReadyForVisibilityActions();
  setVisibleOverlayVisibleHandler(visible);
-}
-
-function setInvisibleOverlayVisible(visible: boolean): void {
-  ensureOverlayWindowsReadyForVisibilityActions();
-  setInvisibleOverlayVisibleHandler(visible);
-  if (visible) {
-    subtitleProcessingController.refreshCurrentSubtitle(appState.currentSubText);
-  }
+  syncOverlayMpvSubtitleSuppression();
 }

 function toggleVisibleOverlay(): void {
  ensureOverlayWindowsReadyForVisibilityActions();
  toggleVisibleOverlayHandler();
-}
-function toggleInvisibleOverlay(): void {
-  ensureOverlayWindowsReadyForVisibilityActions();
-  toggleInvisibleOverlayHandler();
+  syncOverlayMpvSubtitleSuppression();
 }
 function setOverlayVisible(visible: boolean): void {
  setOverlayVisibleHandler(visible);
+  syncOverlayMpvSubtitleSuppression();
 }
 function toggleOverlay(): void {
  toggleOverlayHandler();
+  syncOverlayMpvSubtitleSuppression();
 }
 function handleOverlayModalClosed(modal: OverlayHostedModal): void {
  handleOverlayModalClosedHandler(modal);
@@ -3077,11 +3041,6 @@ function handleMpvCommandFromIpc(command: (string | number)[]): void {
  handleMpvCommandFromIpcHandler(command);
 }

-function reportHoveredSubtitleToken(tokenIndex: number | null): void {
-  appState.hoveredSubtitleTokenIndex = tokenIndex;
-  applyHoveredTokenOverlay();
-}
-
 async function runSubsyncManualFromIpc(request: SubsyncManualRunRequest): Promise<SubsyncResult> {
  return runSubsyncManualFromIpcHandler(request) as Promise<SubsyncResult>;
 }
--- a/src/main/runtime/app-lifecycle-actions.test.ts
+++ b/src/main/runtime/app-lifecycle-actions.test.ts
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ test('on will quit cleanup handler runs all cleanup steps', () => {
    destroyTray: () => calls.push('destroy-tray'),
    stopConfigHotReload: () => calls.push('stop-config'),
    restorePreviousSecondarySubVisibility: () => calls.push('restore-sub'),
+    restoreMpvSubVisibilityForInvisibleOverlay: () => calls.push('restore-mpv-sub'),
    unregisterAllGlobalShortcuts: () => calls.push('unregister-shortcuts'),
    stopSubtitleWebsocket: () => calls.push('stop-ws'),
    stopTexthookerService: () => calls.push('stop-texthooker'),
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ test('on will quit cleanup handler runs all cleanup steps', () => {
  });

  cleanup();
-  assert.equal(calls.length, 21);
+  assert.equal(calls.length, 22);
  assert.equal(calls[0], 'destroy-tray');
  assert.equal(calls[calls.length - 1], 'stop-discord-presence');
  assert.ok(calls.indexOf('flush-mpv-log') < calls.indexOf('destroy-socket'));
@@ -58,11 +59,10 @@ test('restore windows on activate recreates windows then syncs visibility', () =
  const calls: string[] = [];
  const restore = createRestoreWindowsOnActivateHandler({
    createMainWindow: () => calls.push('main'),
-    createInvisibleWindow: () => calls.push('invisible'),
    updateVisibleOverlayVisibility: () => calls.push('visible-sync'),
-    updateInvisibleOverlayVisibility: () => calls.push('invisible-sync'),
+    syncOverlayMpvSubtitleSuppression: () => calls.push('mpv-sync'),
  });

  restore();
-  assert.deepEqual(calls, ['main', 'invisible', 'visible-sync', 'invisible-sync']);
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, ['main', 'visible-sync', 'mpv-sync']);
 });
--- a/src/main/runtime/app-lifecycle-actions.ts
+++ b/src/main/runtime/app-lifecycle-actions.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ export function createOnWillQuitCleanupHandler(deps: {
  destroyTray: () => void;
  stopConfigHotReload: () => void;
  restorePreviousSecondarySubVisibility: () => void;
+  restoreMpvSubVisibilityForInvisibleOverlay: () => void;
  unregisterAllGlobalShortcuts: () => void;
  stopSubtitleWebsocket: () => void;
  stopTexthookerService: () => void;
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@ export function createOnWillQuitCleanupHandler(deps: {
    deps.destroyTray();
    deps.stopConfigHotReload();
    deps.restorePreviousSecondarySubVisibility();
+    deps.restoreMpvSubVisibilityForInvisibleOverlay();
    deps.unregisterAllGlobalShortcuts();
    deps.stopSubtitleWebsocket();
    deps.stopTexthookerService();
@@ -55,14 +57,12 @@ export function createShouldRestoreWindowsOnActivateHandler(deps: {

 export function createRestoreWindowsOnActivateHandler(deps: {
  createMainWindow: () => void;
-  createInvisibleWindow: () => void;
  updateVisibleOverlayVisibility: () => void;
-  updateInvisibleOverlayVisibility: () => void;
+  syncOverlayMpvSubtitleSuppression: () => void;
 }) {
  return (): void => {
    deps.createMainWindow();
-    deps.createInvisibleWindow();
    deps.updateVisibleOverlayVisibility();
-    deps.updateInvisibleOverlayVisibility();
+    deps.syncOverlayMpvSubtitleSuppression();
  };
 }
--- a/src/main/runtime/app-lifecycle-main-cleanup.test.ts
+++ b/src/main/runtime/app-lifecycle-main-cleanup.test.ts
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ test('cleanup deps builder returns handlers that guard optional runtime objects'
    destroyTray: () => calls.push('destroy-tray'),
    stopConfigHotReload: () => calls.push('stop-config'),
    restorePreviousSecondarySubVisibility: () => calls.push('restore-sub'),
+    restoreMpvSubVisibilityForInvisibleOverlay: () => calls.push('restore-mpv-sub'),
    unregisterAllGlobalShortcuts: () => calls.push('unregister-shortcuts'),
    stopSubtitleWebsocket: () => calls.push('stop-ws'),
    stopTexthookerService: () => calls.push('stop-texthooker'),
@@ -72,6 +73,7 @@ test('cleanup deps builder skips destroyed yomitan window', () => {
    destroyTray: () => {},
    stopConfigHotReload: () => {},
    restorePreviousSecondarySubVisibility: () => {},
+    restoreMpvSubVisibilityForInvisibleOverlay: () => {},
    unregisterAllGlobalShortcuts: () => {},
    stopSubtitleWebsocket: () => {},
    stopTexthookerService: () => {},
--- a/src/main/runtime/app-lifecycle-main-cleanup.ts
+++ b/src/main/runtime/app-lifecycle-main-cleanup.ts
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ export function createBuildOnWillQuitCleanupDepsHandler(deps: {
  destroyTray: () => void;
  stopConfigHotReload: () => void;
  restorePreviousSecondarySubVisibility: () => void;
+  restoreMpvSubVisibilityForInvisibleOverlay: () => void;
  unregisterAllGlobalShortcuts: () => void;
  stopSubtitleWebsocket: () => void;
  stopTexthookerService: () => void;
@@ -51,6 +52,8 @@ export function createBuildOnWillQuitCleanupDepsHandler(deps: {
    destroyTray: () => deps.destroyTray(),
    stopConfigHotReload: () => deps.stopConfigHotReload(),
    restorePreviousSecondarySubVisibility: () => deps.restorePreviousSecondarySubVisibility(),
+    restoreMpvSubVisibilityForInvisibleOverlay: () =>
+      deps.restoreMpvSubVisibilityForInvisibleOverlay(),
    unregisterAllGlobalShortcuts: () => deps.unregisterAllGlobalShortcuts(),
    stopSubtitleWebsocket: () => deps.stopSubtitleWebsocket(),
    stopTexthookerService: () => deps.stopTexthookerService(),
--- a/src/main/runtime/composers/startup-lifecycle-composer.test.ts
+++ b/src/main/runtime/composers/startup-lifecycle-composer.test.ts
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ test('composeStartupLifecycleHandlers returns callable startup lifecycle handler
      destroyTray: () => {},
      stopConfigHotReload: () => {},
      restorePreviousSecondarySubVisibility: () => {},
+      restoreMpvSubVisibilityForInvisibleOverlay: () => {},
      unregisterAllGlobalShortcuts: () => {},
      stopSubtitleWebsocket: () => {},
      stopTexthookerService: () => {},
@@ -43,9 +44,8 @@ test('composeStartupLifecycleHandlers returns callable startup lifecycle handler
    },
    restoreWindowsOnActivateMainDeps: {
      createMainWindow: () => {},
-      createInvisibleWindow: () => {},
      updateVisibleOverlayVisibility: () => {},
-      updateInvisibleOverlayVisibility: () => {},
+      syncOverlayMpvSubtitleSuppression: () => {},
    },
  });

--- a/src/main/runtime/mpv-main-event-actions.ts
+++ b/src/main/runtime/mpv-main-event-actions.ts
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ export function createHandleMpvSecondarySubtitleChangeHandler(deps: {
 export function createHandleMpvMediaPathChangeHandler(deps: {
  updateCurrentMediaPath: (path: string) => void;
  reportJellyfinRemoteStopped: () => void;
+  restoreMpvSubVisibilityForInvisibleOverlay: () => void;
  getCurrentAnilistMediaKey: () => string | null;
  resetAnilistMediaTracking: (mediaKey: string | null) => void;
  maybeProbeAnilistDuration: (mediaKey: string) => void;
@@ -44,6 +45,7 @@ export function createHandleMpvMediaPathChangeHandler(deps: {
    deps.updateCurrentMediaPath(path);
    if (!path) {
      deps.reportJellyfinRemoteStopped();
+      deps.restoreMpvSubVisibilityForInvisibleOverlay();
    }
    const mediaKey = deps.getCurrentAnilistMediaKey();
    deps.resetAnilistMediaTracking(mediaKey);
--- a/src/main/runtime/mpv-main-event-bindings.test.ts
+++ b/src/main/runtime/mpv-main-event-bindings.test.ts
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ test('main mpv event binder wires callbacks through to runtime deps', () => {

  const bind = createBindMpvMainEventHandlersHandler({
    reportJellyfinRemoteStopped: () => calls.push('remote-stopped'),
+    syncOverlayMpvSubtitleSuppression: () => calls.push('sync-overlay-mpv-sub'),
    hasInitialJellyfinPlayArg: () => false,
    isOverlayRuntimeInitialized: () => false,
    isQuitOnDisconnectArmed: () => false,
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ test('main mpv event binder wires callbacks through to runtime deps', () => {
    broadcastSecondarySubtitle: (text) => calls.push(`broadcast-secondary:${text}`),

    updateCurrentMediaPath: (path) => calls.push(`media-path:${path}`),
+    restoreMpvSubVisibilityForInvisibleOverlay: () => calls.push('restore-mpv-sub'),
    getCurrentAnilistMediaKey: () => 'media-key',
    resetAnilistMediaTracking: (key) => calls.push(`reset-media:${String(key)}`),
    maybeProbeAnilistDuration: (mediaKey) => calls.push(`probe:${mediaKey}`),
@@ -62,6 +64,7 @@ test('main mpv event binder wires callbacks through to runtime deps', () => {
  });

  handlers.get('subtitle-change')?.({ text: 'line' });
+  handlers.get('media-path-change')?.({ path: '' });
  handlers.get('media-title-change')?.({ title: 'Episode 1' });
  handlers.get('time-pos-change')?.({ time: 2.5 });
  handlers.get('pause-change')?.({ paused: true });
@@ -70,6 +73,7 @@ test('main mpv event binder wires callbacks through to runtime deps', () => {
  assert.ok(calls.includes('broadcast-sub:line'));
  assert.ok(calls.includes('subtitle-change:line'));
  assert.ok(calls.includes('media-title:Episode 1'));
+  assert.ok(calls.includes('restore-mpv-sub'));
  assert.ok(calls.includes('reset-guess-state'));
  assert.ok(calls.includes('notify-title:Episode 1'));
  assert.ok(calls.includes('progress:normal'));
--- a/src/main/runtime/mpv-main-event-bindings.ts
+++ b/src/main/runtime/mpv-main-event-bindings.ts
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ type MpvEventClient = Parameters<ReturnType<typeof createBindMpvClientEventHandl

 export function createBindMpvMainEventHandlersHandler(deps: {
  reportJellyfinRemoteStopped: () => void;
+  syncOverlayMpvSubtitleSuppression: () => void;
  hasInitialJellyfinPlayArg: () => boolean;
  isOverlayRuntimeInitialized: () => boolean;
  isQuitOnDisconnectArmed: () => boolean;
@@ -42,6 +43,7 @@ export function createBindMpvMainEventHandlersHandler(deps: {
  broadcastSecondarySubtitle: (text: string) => void;

  updateCurrentMediaPath: (path: string) => void;
+  restoreMpvSubVisibilityForInvisibleOverlay: () => void;
  getCurrentAnilistMediaKey: () => string | null;
  resetAnilistMediaTracking: (mediaKey: string | null) => void;
  maybeProbeAnilistDuration: (mediaKey: string) => void;
@@ -63,6 +65,7 @@ export function createBindMpvMainEventHandlersHandler(deps: {
    const handleMpvConnectionChange = createHandleMpvConnectionChangeHandler({
      reportJellyfinRemoteStopped: () => deps.reportJellyfinRemoteStopped(),
      refreshDiscordPresence: () => deps.refreshDiscordPresence(),
+      syncOverlayMpvSubtitleSuppression: () => deps.syncOverlayMpvSubtitleSuppression(),
      hasInitialJellyfinPlayArg: () => deps.hasInitialJellyfinPlayArg(),
      isOverlayRuntimeInitialized: () => deps.isOverlayRuntimeInitialized(),
      isQuitOnDisconnectArmed: () => deps.isQuitOnDisconnectArmed(),
@@ -94,6 +97,8 @@ export function createBindMpvMainEventHandlersHandler(deps: {
    const handleMpvMediaPathChange = createHandleMpvMediaPathChangeHandler({
      updateCurrentMediaPath: (path) => deps.updateCurrentMediaPath(path),
      reportJellyfinRemoteStopped: () => deps.reportJellyfinRemoteStopped(),
+      restoreMpvSubVisibilityForInvisibleOverlay: () =>
+        deps.restoreMpvSubVisibilityForInvisibleOverlay(),
      getCurrentAnilistMediaKey: () => deps.getCurrentAnilistMediaKey(),
      resetAnilistMediaTracking: (mediaKey) => deps.resetAnilistMediaTracking(mediaKey),
      maybeProbeAnilistDuration: (mediaKey) => deps.maybeProbeAnilistDuration(mediaKey),
--- a/src/main/runtime/mpv-main-event-main-deps.test.ts
+++ b/src/main/runtime/mpv-main-event-main-deps.test.ts
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ test('mpv main event main deps map app state updates and delegate callbacks', as
    },
    quitApp: () => calls.push('quit'),
    reportJellyfinRemoteStopped: () => calls.push('remote-stopped'),
+    syncOverlayMpvSubtitleSuppression: () => calls.push('sync-overlay-mpv-sub'),
    maybeRunAnilistPostWatchUpdate: async () => {
      calls.push('anilist-post-watch');
    },
@@ -40,6 +41,7 @@ test('mpv main event main deps map app state updates and delegate callbacks', as
      calls.push(`broadcast:${channel}:${String(payload)}`),
    onSubtitleChange: (text) => calls.push(`subtitle-change:${text}`),
    updateCurrentMediaPath: (path) => calls.push(`path:${path}`),
+    restoreMpvSubVisibilityForInvisibleOverlay: () => calls.push('restore-mpv-sub'),
    getCurrentAnilistMediaKey: () => 'media-key',
    resetAnilistMediaTracking: (mediaKey) => calls.push(`reset:${mediaKey}`),
    maybeProbeAnilistDuration: (mediaKey) => calls.push(`probe:${mediaKey}`),
@@ -59,6 +61,7 @@ test('mpv main event main deps map app state updates and delegate callbacks', as
  deps.scheduleQuitCheck(() => calls.push('scheduled-callback'));
  deps.quitApp();
  deps.reportJellyfinRemoteStopped();
+  deps.syncOverlayMpvSubtitleSuppression();
  deps.recordImmersionSubtitleLine('x', 0, 1);
  assert.equal(deps.hasSubtitleTimingTracker(), true);
  deps.recordSubtitleTiming('y', 0, 1);
@@ -72,6 +75,7 @@ test('mpv main event main deps map app state updates and delegate callbacks', as
  deps.broadcastSubtitleAss('ass');
  deps.broadcastSecondarySubtitle('sec');
  deps.updateCurrentMediaPath('/tmp/video');
+  deps.restoreMpvSubVisibilityForInvisibleOverlay();
  assert.equal(deps.getCurrentAnilistMediaKey(), 'media-key');
  deps.resetAnilistMediaTracking('media-key');
  deps.maybeProbeAnilistDuration('media-key');
@@ -91,8 +95,10 @@ test('mpv main event main deps map app state updates and delegate callbacks', as
  assert.equal(appState.playbackPaused, true);
  assert.equal(appState.previousSecondarySubVisibility, true);
  assert.ok(calls.includes('remote-stopped'));
+  assert.ok(calls.includes('sync-overlay-mpv-sub'));
  assert.ok(calls.includes('anilist-post-watch'));
  assert.ok(calls.includes('sync-immersion'));
  assert.ok(calls.includes('metrics'));
  assert.ok(calls.includes('presence-refresh'));
+  assert.ok(calls.includes('restore-mpv-sub'));
 });
--- a/src/main/runtime/mpv-main-event-main-deps.ts
+++ b/src/main/runtime/mpv-main-event-main-deps.ts
@@ -21,11 +21,13 @@ export function createBuildBindMpvMainEventHandlersMainDepsHandler(deps: {
  scheduleQuitCheck: (callback: () => void) => void;
  quitApp: () => void;
  reportJellyfinRemoteStopped: () => void;
+  syncOverlayMpvSubtitleSuppression: () => void;
  maybeRunAnilistPostWatchUpdate: () => Promise<void>;
  logSubtitleTimingError: (message: string, error: unknown) => void;
  broadcastToOverlayWindows: (channel: string, payload: unknown) => void;
  onSubtitleChange: (text: string) => void;
  updateCurrentMediaPath: (path: string) => void;
+  restoreMpvSubVisibilityForInvisibleOverlay: () => void;
  getCurrentAnilistMediaKey: () => string | null;
  resetAnilistMediaTracking: (mediaKey: string | null) => void;
  maybeProbeAnilistDuration: (mediaKey: string) => void;
@@ -39,6 +41,7 @@ export function createBuildBindMpvMainEventHandlersMainDepsHandler(deps: {
 }) {
  return () => ({
    reportJellyfinRemoteStopped: () => deps.reportJellyfinRemoteStopped(),
+    syncOverlayMpvSubtitleSuppression: () => deps.syncOverlayMpvSubtitleSuppression(),
    hasInitialJellyfinPlayArg: () => Boolean(deps.appState.initialArgs?.jellyfinPlay),
    isOverlayRuntimeInitialized: () => deps.appState.overlayRuntimeInitialized,
    isQuitOnDisconnectArmed: () => deps.getQuitOnDisconnectArmed(),
@@ -68,6 +71,8 @@ export function createBuildBindMpvMainEventHandlersMainDepsHandler(deps: {
    broadcastSecondarySubtitle: (text: string) =>
      deps.broadcastToOverlayWindows('secondary-subtitle:set', text),
    updateCurrentMediaPath: (path: string) => deps.updateCurrentMediaPath(path),
+    restoreMpvSubVisibilityForInvisibleOverlay: () =>
+      deps.restoreMpvSubVisibilityForInvisibleOverlay(),
    getCurrentAnilistMediaKey: () => deps.getCurrentAnilistMediaKey(),
    resetAnilistMediaTracking: (mediaKey: string | null) =>
      deps.resetAnilistMediaTracking(mediaKey),
--- a/src/main/runtime/overlay-mpv-sub-visibility.test.ts
+++ b/src/main/runtime/overlay-mpv-sub-visibility.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test from 'node:test';
+
+import {
+  createEnsureOverlayMpvSubtitlesHiddenHandler,
+  createRestoreOverlayMpvSubtitlesHandler,
+} from './overlay-mpv-sub-visibility';
+
+type VisibilityState = {
+  savedSubVisibility: boolean | null;
+  savedSecondarySubVisibility: boolean | null;
+  revision: number;
+};
+
+test('ensure overlay mpv subtitle suppression captures previous visibility then hides subtitles', async () => {
+  const state: VisibilityState = {
+    savedSubVisibility: null,
+    savedSecondarySubVisibility: null,
+    revision: 0,
+  };
+  const calls: boolean[] = [];
+
+  const ensureHidden = createEnsureOverlayMpvSubtitlesHiddenHandler({
+    getMpvClient: () => ({
+      connected: true,
+      requestProperty: async (_name: string) => 'no',
+    }),
+    getSavedSubVisibility: () => state.savedSubVisibility,
+    setSavedSubVisibility: (visible) => {
+      state.savedSubVisibility = visible;
+    },
+    getSavedSecondarySubVisibility: () => state.savedSecondarySubVisibility,
+    setSavedSecondarySubVisibility: (visible) => {
+      state.savedSecondarySubVisibility = visible;
+    },
+    getRevision: () => state.revision,
+    setRevision: (revision) => {
+      state.revision = revision;
+    },
+    setMpvSubVisibility: (visible) => {
+      calls.push(visible);
+    },
+    setMpvSecondarySubVisibility: (visible) => {
+      calls.push(visible);
+    },
+    logWarn: () => {},
+  });
+
+  await ensureHidden();
+
+  assert.equal(state.savedSubVisibility, false);
+  assert.equal(state.savedSecondarySubVisibility, false);
+  assert.equal(state.revision, 1);
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, [false, false]);
+});
+
+test('restore overlay mpv subtitle suppression restores saved visibility', () => {
+  const state: VisibilityState = {
+    savedSubVisibility: false,
+    savedSecondarySubVisibility: true,
+    revision: 4,
+  };
+  const calls: boolean[] = [];
+
+  const restore = createRestoreOverlayMpvSubtitlesHandler({
+    getSavedSubVisibility: () => state.savedSubVisibility,
+    setSavedSubVisibility: (visible) => {
+      state.savedSubVisibility = visible;
+    },
+    getSavedSecondarySubVisibility: () => state.savedSecondarySubVisibility,
+    setSavedSecondarySubVisibility: (visible) => {
+      state.savedSecondarySubVisibility = visible;
+    },
+    getRevision: () => state.revision,
+    setRevision: (revision) => {
+      state.revision = revision;
+    },
+    isMpvConnected: () => true,
+    shouldKeepSuppressedFromVisibleOverlayBinding: () => false,
+    setMpvSubVisibility: (visible) => {
+      calls.push(visible);
+    },
+    setMpvSecondarySubVisibility: (visible) => {
+      calls.push(visible);
+    },
+  });
+
+  restore();
+
+  assert.equal(state.savedSubVisibility, null);
+  assert.equal(state.savedSecondarySubVisibility, null);
+  assert.equal(state.revision, 5);
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, [false, true]);
+});
+
+test('restore keeps mpv subtitles hidden when visible-overlay binding still requires suppression', () => {
+  const state: VisibilityState = {
+    savedSubVisibility: true,
+    savedSecondarySubVisibility: true,
+    revision: 9,
+  };
+  const calls: boolean[] = [];
+
+  const restore = createRestoreOverlayMpvSubtitlesHandler({
+    getSavedSubVisibility: () => state.savedSubVisibility,
+    setSavedSubVisibility: (visible) => {
+      state.savedSubVisibility = visible;
+    },
+    getSavedSecondarySubVisibility: () => state.savedSecondarySubVisibility,
+    setSavedSecondarySubVisibility: (visible) => {
+      state.savedSecondarySubVisibility = visible;
+    },
+    getRevision: () => state.revision,
+    setRevision: (revision) => {
+      state.revision = revision;
+    },
+    isMpvConnected: () => true,
+    shouldKeepSuppressedFromVisibleOverlayBinding: () => true,
+    setMpvSubVisibility: (visible) => {
+      calls.push(visible);
+    },
+    setMpvSecondarySubVisibility: (visible) => {
+      calls.push(visible);
+    },
+  });
+
+  restore();
+
+  assert.equal(state.savedSubVisibility, true);
+  assert.equal(state.savedSecondarySubVisibility, true);
+  assert.equal(state.revision, 10);
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, [false, false]);
+});
+
+test('restore defers mpv subtitle restore while mpv is disconnected', () => {
+  const state: VisibilityState = {
+    savedSubVisibility: true,
+    savedSecondarySubVisibility: false,
+    revision: 2,
+  };
+  const calls: boolean[] = [];
+
+  const restore = createRestoreOverlayMpvSubtitlesHandler({
+    getSavedSubVisibility: () => state.savedSubVisibility,
+    setSavedSubVisibility: (visible) => {
+      state.savedSubVisibility = visible;
+    },
+    getSavedSecondarySubVisibility: () => state.savedSecondarySubVisibility,
+    setSavedSecondarySubVisibility: (visible) => {
+      state.savedSecondarySubVisibility = visible;
+    },
+    getRevision: () => state.revision,
+    setRevision: (revision) => {
+      state.revision = revision;
+    },
+    isMpvConnected: () => false,
+    shouldKeepSuppressedFromVisibleOverlayBinding: () => false,
+    setMpvSubVisibility: (visible) => {
+      calls.push(visible);
+    },
+    setMpvSecondarySubVisibility: (visible) => {
+      calls.push(visible);
+    },
+  });
+
+  restore();
+
+  assert.equal(state.savedSubVisibility, true);
+  assert.equal(state.revision, 3);
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, []);
+});
--- a/src/main/runtime/overlay-mpv-sub-visibility.ts
+++ b/src/main/runtime/overlay-mpv-sub-visibility.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+type MpvVisibilityClient = {
+  connected: boolean;
+  requestProperty: (name: string) => Promise<unknown>;
+};
+
+type RestoreOptions = {
+  respectVisibleOverlayBinding?: boolean;
+};
+
+function parseSubVisibility(value: unknown): boolean {
+  if (typeof value === 'string') {
+    const normalized = value.trim().toLowerCase();
+    if (normalized === 'no' || normalized === 'false' || normalized === '0') {
+      return false;
+    }
+    if (normalized === 'yes' || normalized === 'true' || normalized === '1') {
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (typeof value === 'boolean') {
+    return value;
+  }
+
+  if (typeof value === 'number') {
+    return value !== 0;
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+export function createEnsureOverlayMpvSubtitlesHiddenHandler(deps: {
+  getMpvClient: () => MpvVisibilityClient | null;
+  getSavedSubVisibility: () => boolean | null;
+  setSavedSubVisibility: (visible: boolean | null) => void;
+  getSavedSecondarySubVisibility: () => boolean | null;
+  setSavedSecondarySubVisibility: (visible: boolean | null) => void;
+  getRevision: () => number;
+  setRevision: (revision: number) => void;
+  setMpvSubVisibility: (visible: boolean) => void;
+  setMpvSecondarySubVisibility: (visible: boolean) => void;
+  logWarn: (message: string, error: unknown) => void;
+}) {
+  return async (): Promise<void> => {
+    const revision = deps.getRevision() + 1;
+    deps.setRevision(revision);
+
+    const mpvClient = deps.getMpvClient();
+    if (!mpvClient || !mpvClient.connected) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (deps.getSavedSubVisibility() === null) {
+      try {
+        const currentSubVisibility = await mpvClient.requestProperty('sub-visibility');
+        if (revision !== deps.getRevision()) {
+          return;
+        }
+        deps.setSavedSubVisibility(parseSubVisibility(currentSubVisibility));
+      } catch (error) {
+        if (revision !== deps.getRevision()) {
+          return;
+        }
+        deps.logWarn(
+          '[overlay] Failed to capture mpv sub-visibility; falling back to visible restore',
+          error,
+        );
+        deps.setSavedSubVisibility(true);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (deps.getSavedSecondarySubVisibility() === null) {
+      try {
+        const currentSecondarySubVisibility = await mpvClient.requestProperty('secondary-sub-visibility');
+        if (revision !== deps.getRevision()) {
+          return;
+        }
+        deps.setSavedSecondarySubVisibility(parseSubVisibility(currentSecondarySubVisibility));
+      } catch (error) {
+        if (revision !== deps.getRevision()) {
+          return;
+        }
+        deps.logWarn(
+          '[overlay] Failed to capture secondary mpv sub-visibility; falling back to visible restore',
+          error,
+        );
+        deps.setSavedSecondarySubVisibility(true);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (revision !== deps.getRevision()) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    deps.setMpvSubVisibility(false);
+    deps.setMpvSecondarySubVisibility(false);
+  };
+}
+
+export function createRestoreOverlayMpvSubtitlesHandler(deps: {
+  getSavedSubVisibility: () => boolean | null;
+  setSavedSubVisibility: (visible: boolean | null) => void;
+  getSavedSecondarySubVisibility: () => boolean | null;
+  setSavedSecondarySubVisibility: (visible: boolean | null) => void;
+  getRevision: () => number;
+  setRevision: (revision: number) => void;
+  isMpvConnected: () => boolean;
+  shouldKeepSuppressedFromVisibleOverlayBinding: () => boolean;
+  setMpvSubVisibility: (visible: boolean) => void;
+  setMpvSecondarySubVisibility: (visible: boolean) => void;
+}) {
+  return (options?: RestoreOptions): void => {
+    deps.setRevision(deps.getRevision() + 1);
+
+    const savedVisibility = deps.getSavedSubVisibility();
+    const respectVisibleOverlayBinding = options?.respectVisibleOverlayBinding ?? true;
+    if (
+      respectVisibleOverlayBinding &&
+      deps.shouldKeepSuppressedFromVisibleOverlayBinding()
+    ) {
+      deps.setMpvSubVisibility(false);
+      deps.setMpvSecondarySubVisibility(false);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const hasSecondarySavedVisibility = deps.getSavedSecondarySubVisibility() !== null;
+
+    if (savedVisibility === null && !hasSecondarySavedVisibility) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (!deps.isMpvConnected()) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (savedVisibility !== null) {
+      deps.setMpvSubVisibility(savedVisibility);
+    }
+    const savedSecondaryVisibility = deps.getSavedSecondarySubVisibility();
+    if (savedSecondaryVisibility !== null) {
+      deps.setMpvSecondarySubVisibility(savedSecondaryVisibility);
+    }
+
+    deps.setSavedSubVisibility(null);
+    deps.setSavedSecondarySubVisibility(null);
+  };
+}
--- a/src/main/runtime/overlay-window-factory-main-deps.test.ts
+++ b/src/main/runtime/overlay-window-factory-main-deps.test.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import test from 'node:test';
 import {
-  createBuildCreateInvisibleWindowMainDepsHandler,
  createBuildCreateMainWindowMainDepsHandler,
  createBuildCreateModalWindowMainDepsHandler,
  createBuildCreateOverlayWindowMainDepsHandler,
-  createBuildCreateSecondaryWindowMainDepsHandler,
 } from './overlay-window-factory-main-deps';

 test('overlay window factory main deps builders return mapped handlers', () => {
@@ -13,7 +11,6 @@ test('overlay window factory main deps builders return mapped handlers', () => {
  const buildOverlayDeps = createBuildCreateOverlayWindowMainDepsHandler({
    createOverlayWindowCore: (kind) => ({ kind }),
    isDev: true,
-    getOverlayDebugVisualizationEnabled: () => false,
    ensureOverlayWindowLevel: () => calls.push('ensure-level'),
    onRuntimeOptionsChanged: () => calls.push('runtime-options-changed'),
    setOverlayDebugVisualizationEnabled: (enabled) => calls.push(`debug:${enabled}`),
@@ -24,7 +21,6 @@ test('overlay window factory main deps builders return mapped handlers', () => {

  const overlayDeps = buildOverlayDeps();
  assert.equal(overlayDeps.isDev, true);
-  assert.equal(overlayDeps.getOverlayDebugVisualizationEnabled(), false);
  assert.equal(overlayDeps.isOverlayVisible('visible'), true);

  const buildMainDeps = createBuildCreateMainWindowMainDepsHandler({
@@ -34,20 +30,6 @@ test('overlay window factory main deps builders return mapped handlers', () => {
  const mainDeps = buildMainDeps();
  mainDeps.setMainWindow(null);

-  const buildInvisibleDeps = createBuildCreateInvisibleWindowMainDepsHandler({
-    createOverlayWindow: () => ({ id: 'invisible' }),
-    setInvisibleWindow: () => calls.push('set-invisible'),
-  });
-  const invisibleDeps = buildInvisibleDeps();
-  invisibleDeps.setInvisibleWindow(null);
-
-  const buildSecondaryDeps = createBuildCreateSecondaryWindowMainDepsHandler({
-    createOverlayWindow: () => ({ id: 'secondary' }),
-    setSecondaryWindow: () => calls.push('set-secondary'),
-  });
-  const secondaryDeps = buildSecondaryDeps();
-  secondaryDeps.setSecondaryWindow(null);
-
  const buildModalDeps = createBuildCreateModalWindowMainDepsHandler({
    createOverlayWindow: () => ({ id: 'modal' }),
    setModalWindow: () => calls.push('set-modal'),
@@ -55,5 +37,5 @@ test('overlay window factory main deps builders return mapped handlers', () => {
  const modalDeps = buildModalDeps();
  modalDeps.setModalWindow(null);

-  assert.deepEqual(calls, ['set-main', 'set-invisible', 'set-secondary', 'set-modal']);
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, ['set-main', 'set-modal']);
 });
--- a/src/main/runtime/overlay-window-factory-main-deps.ts
+++ b/src/main/runtime/overlay-window-factory-main-deps.ts
@@ -1,30 +1,27 @@
 export function createBuildCreateOverlayWindowMainDepsHandler<TWindow>(deps: {
  createOverlayWindowCore: (
-    kind: 'visible' | 'invisible' | 'secondary' | 'modal',
+    kind: 'visible' | 'modal',
    options: {
      isDev: boolean;
-      overlayDebugVisualizationEnabled: boolean;
      ensureOverlayWindowLevel: (window: TWindow) => void;
      onRuntimeOptionsChanged: () => void;
      setOverlayDebugVisualizationEnabled: (enabled: boolean) => void;
-      isOverlayVisible: (windowKind: 'visible' | 'invisible' | 'secondary' | 'modal') => boolean;
+      isOverlayVisible: (windowKind: 'visible' | 'modal') => boolean;
      tryHandleOverlayShortcutLocalFallback: (input: Electron.Input) => boolean;
-      onWindowClosed: (windowKind: 'visible' | 'invisible' | 'secondary' | 'modal') => void;
+      onWindowClosed: (windowKind: 'visible' | 'modal') => void;
    },
  ) => TWindow;
  isDev: boolean;
-  getOverlayDebugVisualizationEnabled: () => boolean;
  ensureOverlayWindowLevel: (window: TWindow) => void;
  onRuntimeOptionsChanged: () => void;
  setOverlayDebugVisualizationEnabled: (enabled: boolean) => void;
-  isOverlayVisible: (windowKind: 'visible' | 'invisible' | 'secondary' | 'modal') => boolean;
+  isOverlayVisible: (windowKind: 'visible' | 'modal') => boolean;
  tryHandleOverlayShortcutLocalFallback: (input: Electron.Input) => boolean;
-  onWindowClosed: (windowKind: 'visible' | 'invisible' | 'secondary' | 'modal') => void;
+  onWindowClosed: (windowKind: 'visible' | 'modal') => void;
 }) {
  return () => ({
    createOverlayWindowCore: deps.createOverlayWindowCore,
    isDev: deps.isDev,
-    getOverlayDebugVisualizationEnabled: deps.getOverlayDebugVisualizationEnabled,
    ensureOverlayWindowLevel: deps.ensureOverlayWindowLevel,
    onRuntimeOptionsChanged: deps.onRuntimeOptionsChanged,
    setOverlayDebugVisualizationEnabled: deps.setOverlayDebugVisualizationEnabled,
@@ -35,7 +32,7 @@ export function createBuildCreateOverlayWindowMainDepsHandler<TWindow>(deps: {
 }

 export function createBuildCreateMainWindowMainDepsHandler<TWindow>(deps: {
-  createOverlayWindow: (kind: 'visible' | 'invisible' | 'secondary' | 'modal') => TWindow;
+  createOverlayWindow: (kind: 'visible' | 'modal') => TWindow;
  setMainWindow: (window: TWindow | null) => void;
 }) {
  return () => ({
@@ -44,28 +41,8 @@ export function createBuildCreateMainWindowMainDepsHandler<TWindow>(deps: {
  });
 }

-export function createBuildCreateInvisibleWindowMainDepsHandler<TWindow>(deps: {
-  createOverlayWindow: (kind: 'visible' | 'invisible' | 'secondary' | 'modal') => TWindow;
-  setInvisibleWindow: (window: TWindow | null) => void;
-}) {
-  return () => ({
-    createOverlayWindow: deps.createOverlayWindow,
-    setInvisibleWindow: deps.setInvisibleWindow,
-  });
-}
-
-export function createBuildCreateSecondaryWindowMainDepsHandler<TWindow>(deps: {
-  createOverlayWindow: (kind: 'visible' | 'invisible' | 'secondary' | 'modal') => TWindow;
-  setSecondaryWindow: (window: TWindow | null) => void;
-}) {
-  return () => ({
-    createOverlayWindow: deps.createOverlayWindow,
-    setSecondaryWindow: deps.setSecondaryWindow,
-  });
-}
-
 export function createBuildCreateModalWindowMainDepsHandler<TWindow>(deps: {
-  createOverlayWindow: (kind: 'visible' | 'invisible' | 'secondary' | 'modal') => TWindow;
+  createOverlayWindow: (kind: 'visible' | 'modal') => TWindow;
  setModalWindow: (window: TWindow | null) => void;
 }) {
  return () => ({
--- a/src/main/runtime/overlay-window-factory.test.ts
+++ b/src/main/runtime/overlay-window-factory.test.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 import test from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import {
-  createCreateInvisibleWindowHandler,
  createCreateMainWindowHandler,
  createCreateModalWindowHandler,
  createCreateOverlayWindowHandler,
-  createCreateSecondaryWindowHandler,
 } from './overlay-window-factory';

 test('create overlay window handler forwards options and kind', () => {
@@ -15,16 +13,14 @@ test('create overlay window handler forwards options and kind', () => {
    createOverlayWindowCore: (kind, options) => {
      calls.push(`kind:${kind}`);
      assert.equal(options.isDev, true);
-      assert.equal(options.overlayDebugVisualizationEnabled, false);
      assert.equal(options.isOverlayVisible('visible'), true);
-      assert.equal(options.isOverlayVisible('invisible'), false);
+      assert.equal(options.isOverlayVisible('modal'), false);
      options.onRuntimeOptionsChanged();
      options.setOverlayDebugVisualizationEnabled(true);
      options.onWindowClosed(kind);
      return window;
    },
    isDev: true,
-    getOverlayDebugVisualizationEnabled: () => false,
    ensureOverlayWindowLevel: () => {},
    onRuntimeOptionsChanged: () => calls.push('runtime-options'),
    setOverlayDebugVisualizationEnabled: (enabled) => calls.push(`debug:${enabled}`),
@@ -52,36 +48,6 @@ test('create main window handler stores visible window', () => {
  assert.deepEqual(calls, ['create:visible', 'set:visible']);
 });

-test('create invisible window handler stores invisible window', () => {
-  const calls: string[] = [];
-  const invisibleWindow = { id: 'invisible' };
-  const createInvisibleWindow = createCreateInvisibleWindowHandler({
-    createOverlayWindow: (kind) => {
-      calls.push(`create:${kind}`);
-      return invisibleWindow;
-    },
-    setInvisibleWindow: (window) => calls.push(`set:${(window as { id: string }).id}`),
-  });
-
-  assert.equal(createInvisibleWindow(), invisibleWindow);
-  assert.deepEqual(calls, ['create:invisible', 'set:invisible']);
-});
-
-test('create secondary window handler stores secondary window', () => {
-  const calls: string[] = [];
-  const secondaryWindow = { id: 'secondary' };
-  const createSecondaryWindow = createCreateSecondaryWindowHandler({
-    createOverlayWindow: (kind) => {
-      calls.push(`create:${kind}`);
-      return secondaryWindow;
-    },
-    setSecondaryWindow: (window) => calls.push(`set:${(window as { id: string }).id}`),
-  });
-
-  assert.equal(createSecondaryWindow(), secondaryWindow);
-  assert.deepEqual(calls, ['create:secondary', 'set:secondary']);
-});
-
 test('create modal window handler stores modal window', () => {
  const calls: string[] = [];
  const modalWindow = { id: 'modal' };
--- a/src/main/runtime/overlay-window-factory.ts
+++ b/src/main/runtime/overlay-window-factory.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-type OverlayWindowKind = 'visible' | 'invisible' | 'secondary' | 'modal';
+type OverlayWindowKind = 'visible' | 'modal';

 export function createCreateOverlayWindowHandler<TWindow>(deps: {
  createOverlayWindowCore: (
    kind: OverlayWindowKind,
    options: {
      isDev: boolean;
-      overlayDebugVisualizationEnabled: boolean;
      ensureOverlayWindowLevel: (window: TWindow) => void;
      onRuntimeOptionsChanged: () => void;
      setOverlayDebugVisualizationEnabled: (enabled: boolean) => void;
@@ -15,7 +14,6 @@ export function createCreateOverlayWindowHandler<TWindow>(deps: {
    },
  ) => TWindow;
  isDev: boolean;
-  getOverlayDebugVisualizationEnabled: () => boolean;
  ensureOverlayWindowLevel: (window: TWindow) => void;
  onRuntimeOptionsChanged: () => void;
  setOverlayDebugVisualizationEnabled: (enabled: boolean) => void;
@@ -26,7 +24,6 @@ export function createCreateOverlayWindowHandler<TWindow>(deps: {
  return (kind: OverlayWindowKind): TWindow => {
    return deps.createOverlayWindowCore(kind, {
      isDev: deps.isDev,
-      overlayDebugVisualizationEnabled: deps.getOverlayDebugVisualizationEnabled(),
      ensureOverlayWindowLevel: deps.ensureOverlayWindowLevel,
      onRuntimeOptionsChanged: deps.onRuntimeOptionsChanged,
      setOverlayDebugVisualizationEnabled: deps.setOverlayDebugVisualizationEnabled,
@@ -48,28 +45,6 @@ export function createCreateMainWindowHandler<TWindow>(deps: {
  };
 }

-export function createCreateInvisibleWindowHandler<TWindow>(deps: {
-  createOverlayWindow: (kind: OverlayWindowKind) => TWindow;
-  setInvisibleWindow: (window: TWindow | null) => void;
-}) {
-  return (): TWindow => {
-    const window = deps.createOverlayWindow('invisible');
-    deps.setInvisibleWindow(window);
-    return window;
-  };
-}
-
-export function createCreateSecondaryWindowHandler<TWindow>(deps: {
-  createOverlayWindow: (kind: OverlayWindowKind) => TWindow;
-  setSecondaryWindow: (window: TWindow | null) => void;
-}) {
-  return (): TWindow => {
-    const window = deps.createOverlayWindow('secondary');
-    deps.setSecondaryWindow(window);
-    return window;
-  };
-}
-
 export function createCreateModalWindowHandler<TWindow>(deps: {
  createOverlayWindow: (kind: OverlayWindowKind) => TWindow;
  setModalWindow: (window: TWindow | null) => void;
--- a/src/main/runtime/overlay-window-runtime-handlers.test.ts
+++ b/src/main/runtime/overlay-window-runtime-handlers.test.ts
@@ -2,10 +2,8 @@ import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import test from 'node:test';
 import { createOverlayWindowRuntimeHandlers } from './overlay-window-runtime-handlers';

-test('overlay window runtime handlers compose create/main/invisible handlers', () => {
+test('overlay window runtime handlers compose create/main/modal handlers', () => {
  let mainWindow: { kind: string } | null = null;
-  let invisibleWindow: { kind: string } | null = null;
-  let secondaryWindow: { kind: string } | null = null;
  let modalWindow: { kind: string } | null = null;
  let debugEnabled = false;
  const calls: string[] = [];
@@ -14,7 +12,6 @@ test('overlay window runtime handlers compose create/main/invisible handlers', (
    createOverlayWindowDeps: {
      createOverlayWindowCore: (kind) => ({ kind }),
      isDev: true,
-      getOverlayDebugVisualizationEnabled: () => debugEnabled,
      ensureOverlayWindowLevel: () => calls.push('ensure-level'),
      onRuntimeOptionsChanged: () => calls.push('runtime-options-changed'),
      setOverlayDebugVisualizationEnabled: (enabled) => {
@@ -27,29 +24,17 @@ test('overlay window runtime handlers compose create/main/invisible handlers', (
    setMainWindow: (window) => {
      mainWindow = window;
    },
-    setInvisibleWindow: (window) => {
-      invisibleWindow = window;
-    },
-    setSecondaryWindow: (window) => {
-      secondaryWindow = window;
-    },
    setModalWindow: (window) => {
      modalWindow = window;
    },
  });

  assert.deepEqual(runtime.createOverlayWindow('visible'), { kind: 'visible' });
-  assert.deepEqual(runtime.createOverlayWindow('invisible'), { kind: 'invisible' });
-  assert.deepEqual(runtime.createOverlayWindow('secondary'), { kind: 'secondary' });
+  assert.deepEqual(runtime.createOverlayWindow('modal'), { kind: 'modal' });

  assert.deepEqual(runtime.createMainWindow(), { kind: 'visible' });
  assert.deepEqual(mainWindow, { kind: 'visible' });

-  assert.deepEqual(runtime.createInvisibleWindow(), { kind: 'invisible' });
-  assert.deepEqual(invisibleWindow, { kind: 'invisible' });
-
-  assert.deepEqual(runtime.createSecondaryWindow(), { kind: 'secondary' });
-  assert.deepEqual(secondaryWindow, { kind: 'secondary' });
  assert.deepEqual(runtime.createModalWindow(), { kind: 'modal' });
  assert.deepEqual(modalWindow, { kind: 'modal' });

--- a/src/main/runtime/overlay-window-runtime-handlers.ts
+++ b/src/main/runtime/overlay-window-runtime-handlers.ts
@@ -1,16 +1,12 @@
 import {
-  createCreateInvisibleWindowHandler,
  createCreateMainWindowHandler,
  createCreateModalWindowHandler,
  createCreateOverlayWindowHandler,
-  createCreateSecondaryWindowHandler,
 } from './overlay-window-factory';
 import {
-  createBuildCreateInvisibleWindowMainDepsHandler,
  createBuildCreateMainWindowMainDepsHandler,
  createBuildCreateModalWindowMainDepsHandler,
  createBuildCreateOverlayWindowMainDepsHandler,
-  createBuildCreateSecondaryWindowMainDepsHandler,
 } from './overlay-window-factory-main-deps';

 type CreateOverlayWindowMainDeps<TWindow> = Parameters<
@@ -20,8 +16,6 @@ type CreateOverlayWindowMainDeps<TWindow> = Parameters<
 export function createOverlayWindowRuntimeHandlers<TWindow>(deps: {
  createOverlayWindowDeps: CreateOverlayWindowMainDeps<TWindow>;
  setMainWindow: (window: TWindow | null) => void;
-  setInvisibleWindow: (window: TWindow | null) => void;
-  setSecondaryWindow: (window: TWindow | null) => void;
  setModalWindow: (window: TWindow | null) => void;
 }) {
  const createOverlayWindow = createCreateOverlayWindowHandler<TWindow>(
@@ -33,18 +27,6 @@ export function createOverlayWindowRuntimeHandlers<TWindow>(deps: {
      setMainWindow: (window) => deps.setMainWindow(window),
    })(),
  );
-  const createInvisibleWindow = createCreateInvisibleWindowHandler<TWindow>(
-    createBuildCreateInvisibleWindowMainDepsHandler<TWindow>({
-      createOverlayWindow: (kind) => createOverlayWindow(kind),
-      setInvisibleWindow: (window) => deps.setInvisibleWindow(window),
-    })(),
-  );
-  const createSecondaryWindow = createCreateSecondaryWindowHandler<TWindow>(
-    createBuildCreateSecondaryWindowMainDepsHandler<TWindow>({
-      createOverlayWindow: (kind) => createOverlayWindow(kind),
-      setSecondaryWindow: (window) => deps.setSecondaryWindow(window),
-    })(),
-  );
  const createModalWindow = createCreateModalWindowHandler<TWindow>(
    createBuildCreateModalWindowMainDepsHandler<TWindow>({
      createOverlayWindow: (kind) => createOverlayWindow(kind),
@@ -55,8 +37,6 @@ export function createOverlayWindowRuntimeHandlers<TWindow>(deps: {
  return {
    createOverlayWindow,
    createMainWindow,
-    createInvisibleWindow,
-    createSecondaryWindow,
    createModalWindow,
  };
 }
--- a/src/main/state.ts
+++ b/src/main/state.ts
@@ -156,8 +156,6 @@ export interface AppState {
  currentSubText: string;
  currentSubAssText: string;
  currentSubtitleData: SubtitleData | null;
-  hoveredSubtitleTokenIndex: number | null;
-  hoveredSubtitleRevision: number;
  windowTracker: BaseWindowTracker | null;
  subtitlePosition: SubtitlePosition | null;
  currentMediaPath: string | null;
@@ -173,6 +171,9 @@ export interface AppState {
  secondarySubMode: SecondarySubMode;
  lastSecondarySubToggleAtMs: number;
  previousSecondarySubVisibility: boolean | null;
+  overlaySavedMpvSubVisibility: boolean | null;
+  overlaySavedSecondaryMpvSubVisibility: boolean | null;
+  overlayMpvSubVisibilityRevision: number;
  mpvSubtitleRenderMetrics: MpvSubtitleRenderMetrics;
  shortcutsRegistered: boolean;
  overlayRuntimeInitialized: boolean;
@@ -230,8 +231,6 @@ export function createAppState(values: AppStateInitialValues): AppState {
    currentSubText: '',
    currentSubAssText: '',
    currentSubtitleData: null,
-    hoveredSubtitleTokenIndex: null,
-    hoveredSubtitleRevision: 0,
    windowTracker: null,
    subtitlePosition: null,
    currentMediaPath: null,
@@ -247,6 +246,9 @@ export function createAppState(values: AppStateInitialValues): AppState {
    secondarySubMode: 'hover',
    lastSecondarySubToggleAtMs: 0,
    previousSecondarySubVisibility: null,
+    overlaySavedMpvSubVisibility: null,
+    overlaySavedSecondaryMpvSubVisibility: null,
+    overlayMpvSubVisibilityRevision: 0,
    mpvSubtitleRenderMetrics: {
      ...DEFAULT_MPV_SUBTITLE_RENDER_METRICS,
    },
--- a/src/preload.ts
+++ b/src/preload.ts
@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@ import type {
  RuntimeOptionId,
  RuntimeOptionState,
  RuntimeOptionValue,
-  MpvSubtitleRenderMetrics,
  OverlayContentMeasurement,
  ShortcutsConfig,
  ConfigHotReloadPayload,
@@ -55,12 +54,80 @@ import { IPC_CHANNELS } from './shared/ipc/contracts';
 const overlayLayerArg = process.argv.find((arg) => arg.startsWith('--overlay-layer='));
 const overlayLayerFromArg = overlayLayerArg?.slice('--overlay-layer='.length);
 const overlayLayer =
-  overlayLayerFromArg === 'visible' ||
-  overlayLayerFromArg === 'invisible' ||
-  overlayLayerFromArg === 'secondary' ||
-  overlayLayerFromArg === 'modal'
-    ? overlayLayerFromArg
-    : null;
+  overlayLayerFromArg === 'visible' || overlayLayerFromArg === 'modal' ? overlayLayerFromArg : null;
+
+type EmptyListener = () => void;
+type PayloadedListener<T> = (payload: T) => void;
+
+function createQueuedIpcListener(
+  channel: string,
+): (listener: EmptyListener) => void {
+  let count = 0;
+  const listeners: EmptyListener[] = [];
+
+  const dispatch = (): void => {
+    if (listeners.length === 0) {
+      count += 1;
+      return;
+    }
+    for (const listener of listeners) {
+      listener();
+    }
+  };
+
+  ipcRenderer.on(channel, () => {
+    dispatch();
+  });
+
+  return (listener: EmptyListener): void => {
+    listeners.push(listener);
+    while (count > 0) {
+      count -= 1;
+      listener();
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+function createQueuedIpcListenerWithPayload<T>(
+  channel: string,
+  normalize: (payload: unknown) => T,
+): (listener: PayloadedListener<T>) => void {
+  const pending: T[] = [];
+  const listeners: PayloadedListener<T>[] = [];
+
+  const dispatch = (payload: T): void => {
+    if (listeners.length === 0) {
+      pending.push(payload);
+      return;
+    }
+    for (const listener of listeners) {
+      listener(payload);
+    }
+  };
+
+  ipcRenderer.on(channel, (_event: IpcRendererEvent, payloadArg: unknown) => {
+    dispatch(normalize(payloadArg));
+  });
+
+  return (listener: PayloadedListener<T>): void => {
+    listeners.push(listener);
+    while (pending.length > 0) {
+      const payload = pending.shift();
+      listener(payload as T);
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+const onOpenRuntimeOptionsEvent = createQueuedIpcListener(IPC_CHANNELS.event.runtimeOptionsOpen);
+const onOpenJimakuEvent = createQueuedIpcListener(IPC_CHANNELS.event.jimakuOpen);
+const onSubsyncManualOpenEvent = createQueuedIpcListenerWithPayload<SubsyncManualPayload>(
+  IPC_CHANNELS.event.subsyncOpenManual,
+  (payload) => payload as SubsyncManualPayload,
+);
+const onKikuFieldGroupingRequestEvent = createQueuedIpcListenerWithPayload<KikuFieldGroupingRequestData>(
+  IPC_CHANNELS.event.kikuFieldGroupingRequest,
+  (payload) => payload as KikuFieldGroupingRequestData,
+);

 const electronAPI: ElectronAPI = {
  getOverlayLayer: () => overlayLayer,
@@ -94,16 +161,6 @@ const electronAPI: ElectronAPI = {
    ipcRenderer.invoke(IPC_CHANNELS.request.getCurrentSubtitleRaw),
  getCurrentSubtitleAss: (): Promise<string> =>
    ipcRenderer.invoke(IPC_CHANNELS.request.getCurrentSubtitleAss),
-  getMpvSubtitleRenderMetrics: () =>
-    ipcRenderer.invoke(IPC_CHANNELS.request.getMpvSubtitleRenderMetrics),
-  onMpvSubtitleRenderMetrics: (callback: (metrics: MpvSubtitleRenderMetrics) => void) => {
-    ipcRenderer.on(
-      IPC_CHANNELS.event.mpvSubtitleRenderMetricsSet,
-      (_event: IpcRendererEvent, metrics: MpvSubtitleRenderMetrics) => {
-        callback(metrics);
-      },
-    );
-  },
  onSubtitleAss: (callback: (assText: string) => void) => {
    ipcRenderer.on(
      IPC_CHANNELS.event.subtitleAssSet,
@@ -112,14 +169,6 @@ const electronAPI: ElectronAPI = {
      },
    );
  },
-  onOverlayDebugVisualization: (callback: (enabled: boolean) => void) => {
-    ipcRenderer.on(
-      IPC_CHANNELS.event.overlayDebugVisualizationSet,
-      (_event: IpcRendererEvent, enabled: boolean) => {
-        callback(enabled);
-      },
-    );
-  },

  setIgnoreMouseEvents: (ignore: boolean, options?: { forward?: boolean }) => {
    ipcRenderer.send(IPC_CHANNELS.command.setIgnoreMouseEvents, ignore, options);
@@ -201,23 +250,11 @@ const electronAPI: ElectronAPI = {
  focusMainWindow: () => ipcRenderer.invoke(IPC_CHANNELS.request.focusMainWindow) as Promise<void>,
  getSubtitleStyle: (): Promise<SubtitleStyleConfig | null> =>
    ipcRenderer.invoke(IPC_CHANNELS.request.getSubtitleStyle),
-  onSubsyncManualOpen: (callback: (payload: SubsyncManualPayload) => void) => {
-    ipcRenderer.on(
-      IPC_CHANNELS.event.subsyncOpenManual,
-      (_event: IpcRendererEvent, payload: SubsyncManualPayload) => {
-        callback(payload);
-      },
-    );
-  },
+  onSubsyncManualOpen: onSubsyncManualOpenEvent,
  runSubsyncManual: (request: SubsyncManualRunRequest): Promise<SubsyncResult> =>
    ipcRenderer.invoke(IPC_CHANNELS.request.runSubsyncManual, request),

-  onKikuFieldGroupingRequest: (callback: (data: KikuFieldGroupingRequestData) => void) => {
-    ipcRenderer.on(
-      IPC_CHANNELS.event.kikuFieldGroupingRequest,
-      (_event: IpcRendererEvent, data: KikuFieldGroupingRequestData) => callback(data),
-    );
-  },
+  onKikuFieldGroupingRequest: onKikuFieldGroupingRequestEvent,
  kikuBuildMergePreview: (request: KikuMergePreviewRequest): Promise<KikuMergePreviewResponse> =>
    ipcRenderer.invoke(IPC_CHANNELS.request.kikuBuildMergePreview, request),

@@ -242,27 +279,19 @@ const electronAPI: ElectronAPI = {
      },
    );
  },
-  onOpenRuntimeOptions: (callback: () => void) => {
-    ipcRenderer.on(IPC_CHANNELS.event.runtimeOptionsOpen, () => {
-      callback();
-    });
-  },
-  onOpenJimaku: (callback: () => void) => {
-    ipcRenderer.on(IPC_CHANNELS.event.jimakuOpen, () => {
-      callback();
-    });
-  },
+  onOpenRuntimeOptions: onOpenRuntimeOptionsEvent,
+  onOpenJimaku: onOpenJimakuEvent,
  appendClipboardVideoToQueue: (): Promise<ClipboardAppendResult> =>
    ipcRenderer.invoke(IPC_CHANNELS.request.appendClipboardVideoToQueue),
  notifyOverlayModalClosed: (modal: 'runtime-options' | 'subsync' | 'jimaku' | 'kiku') => {
    ipcRenderer.send(IPC_CHANNELS.command.overlayModalClosed, modal);
  },
+  notifyOverlayModalOpened: (modal: 'runtime-options' | 'subsync' | 'jimaku' | 'kiku') => {
+    ipcRenderer.send(IPC_CHANNELS.command.overlayModalOpened, modal);
+  },
  reportOverlayContentBounds: (measurement: OverlayContentMeasurement) => {
    ipcRenderer.send(IPC_CHANNELS.command.reportOverlayContentBounds, measurement);
  },
-  reportHoveredSubtitleToken: (tokenIndex: number | null) => {
-    ipcRenderer.send('subtitle-token-hover:set', tokenIndex);
-  },
  onConfigHotReload: (callback: (payload: ConfigHotReloadPayload) => void) => {
    ipcRenderer.on(
      IPC_CHANNELS.event.configHotReload,
--- a/src/renderer/error-recovery.test.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/error-recovery.test.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,11 @@ import test from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';

 import { createRendererRecoveryController } from './error-recovery.js';
+import {
+  YOMITAN_POPUP_IFRAME_SELECTOR,
+  hasYomitanPopupIframe,
+  isYomitanPopupIframe,
+} from './yomitan-popup.js';
 import { resolvePlatformInfo } from './utils/platform.js';

 test('handleError logs context and recovers overlay state', () => {
@@ -26,7 +31,6 @@ test('handleError logs context and recovers overlay state', () => {
      secondarySubtitlePreview: 'secondary',
      isOverlayInteractive: true,
      isOverSubtitle: true,
-      invisiblePositionEditMode: false,
      overlayLayer: 'visible',
    }),
    logError: (payload) => {
@@ -72,8 +76,7 @@ test('handleError normalizes non-Error values', () => {
      secondarySubtitlePreview: '',
      isOverlayInteractive: false,
      isOverSubtitle: false,
-      invisiblePositionEditMode: false,
-      overlayLayer: 'invisible',
+      overlayLayer: 'visible',
    }),
    logError: (payload) => {
      payloads.push(payload);
@@ -107,7 +110,6 @@ test('nested recovery errors are ignored while current recovery is active', () =
      secondarySubtitlePreview: '',
      isOverlayInteractive: true,
      isOverSubtitle: false,
-      invisiblePositionEditMode: true,
      overlayLayer: 'visible',
    }),
    logError: (payload) => {
@@ -130,7 +132,7 @@ test('resolvePlatformInfo prefers query layer over preload layer', () => {
    configurable: true,
    value: {
      electronAPI: {
-        getOverlayLayer: () => 'invisible',
+        getOverlayLayer: () => 'modal',
      },
      location: { search: '?layer=visible' },
    },
@@ -146,7 +148,6 @@ test('resolvePlatformInfo prefers query layer over preload layer', () => {
  try {
    const info = resolvePlatformInfo();
    assert.equal(info.overlayLayer, 'visible');
-    assert.equal(info.isInvisibleLayer, false);
  } finally {
    Object.defineProperty(globalThis, 'window', { configurable: true, value: previousWindow });
    Object.defineProperty(globalThis, 'navigator', {
@@ -156,7 +157,7 @@ test('resolvePlatformInfo prefers query layer over preload layer', () => {
  }
 });

-test('resolvePlatformInfo supports secondary layer and disables mouse-ignore toggles', () => {
+test('resolvePlatformInfo ignores legacy secondary layer and falls back to visible', () => {
  const previousWindow = (globalThis as { window?: unknown }).window;
  const previousNavigator = (globalThis as { navigator?: unknown }).navigator;

@@ -179,9 +180,8 @@ test('resolvePlatformInfo supports secondary layer and disables mouse-ignore tog

  try {
    const info = resolvePlatformInfo();
-    assert.equal(info.overlayLayer, 'secondary');
-    assert.equal(info.isSecondaryLayer, true);
-    assert.equal(info.shouldToggleMouseIgnore, false);
+    assert.equal(info.overlayLayer, 'visible');
+    assert.equal(info.shouldToggleMouseIgnore, true);
  } finally {
    Object.defineProperty(globalThis, 'window', { configurable: true, value: previousWindow });
    Object.defineProperty(globalThis, 'navigator', {
@@ -225,3 +225,59 @@ test('resolvePlatformInfo supports modal layer and disables mouse-ignore toggles
    });
  }
 });
+
+test('isYomitanPopupIframe matches modern popup class and legacy id prefix', () => {
+  const createElement = (options: {
+    tagName: string;
+    id?: string;
+    classNames?: string[];
+  }): Element =>
+    ({
+      tagName: options.tagName,
+      id: options.id ?? '',
+      classList: {
+        contains: (className: string) => (options.classNames ?? []).includes(className),
+      },
+    }) as unknown as Element;
+
+  assert.equal(
+    isYomitanPopupIframe(
+      createElement({
+        tagName: 'IFRAME',
+        classNames: ['yomitan-popup'],
+      }),
+    ),
+    true,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    isYomitanPopupIframe(
+      createElement({
+        tagName: 'IFRAME',
+        id: 'yomitan-popup-123',
+      }),
+    ),
+    true,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    isYomitanPopupIframe(
+      createElement({
+        tagName: 'IFRAME',
+        id: 'something-else',
+      }),
+    ),
+    false,
+  );
+});
+
+test('hasYomitanPopupIframe queries for modern + legacy selector', () => {
+  let selector = '';
+  const root = {
+    querySelector: (value: string) => {
+      selector = value;
+      return {};
+    },
+  } as unknown as ParentNode;
+
+  assert.equal(hasYomitanPopupIframe(root), true);
+  assert.equal(selector, YOMITAN_POPUP_IFRAME_SELECTOR);
+});
--- a/src/renderer/error-recovery.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/error-recovery.ts
@@ -16,8 +16,7 @@ export type RendererRecoverySnapshot = {
  secondarySubtitlePreview: string;
  isOverlayInteractive: boolean;
  isOverSubtitle: boolean;
-  invisiblePositionEditMode: boolean;
-  overlayLayer: 'visible' | 'invisible' | 'secondary' | 'modal';
+  overlayLayer: 'visible' | 'modal';
 };

 type NormalizedRendererError = {
--- a/src/renderer/renderer.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/renderer.ts
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@

 import type {
  KikuDuplicateCardInfo,
-  MpvSubtitleRenderMetrics,
  RuntimeOptionState,
  SecondarySubMode,
  SubtitleData,
@@ -84,10 +83,7 @@ function syncSettingsModalSubtitleSuppression(): void {

 const subtitleRenderer = createSubtitleRenderer(ctx);
 const measurementReporter = createOverlayContentMeasurementReporter(ctx);
-const positioning = createPositioningController(ctx, {
-  modalStateReader: { isAnySettingsModalOpen },
-  applySubtitleFontSize: subtitleRenderer.applySubtitleFontSize,
-});
+const positioning = createPositioningController(ctx);
 const runtimeOptionsModal = createRuntimeOptionsModal(ctx, {
  modalStateReader: { isAnyModalOpen },
  syncSettingsModalSubtitleSuppression,
@@ -115,25 +111,15 @@ const keyboardHandlers = createKeyboardHandlers(ctx, {
  handleJimakuKeydown: jimakuModal.handleJimakuKeydown,
  handleSessionHelpKeydown: sessionHelpModal.handleSessionHelpKeydown,
  openSessionHelpModal: sessionHelpModal.openSessionHelpModal,
-  saveInvisiblePositionEdit: positioning.saveInvisiblePositionEdit,
-  cancelInvisiblePositionEdit: positioning.cancelInvisiblePositionEdit,
-  setInvisiblePositionEditMode: positioning.setInvisiblePositionEditMode,
-  applyInvisibleSubtitleOffsetPosition: positioning.applyInvisibleSubtitleOffsetPosition,
-  updateInvisiblePositionEditHud: positioning.updateInvisiblePositionEditHud,
  appendClipboardVideoToQueue: () => {
    void window.electronAPI.appendClipboardVideoToQueue();
  },
 });
 const mouseHandlers = createMouseHandlers(ctx, {
  modalStateReader: { isAnySettingsModalOpen, isAnyModalOpen },
-  applyInvisibleSubtitleLayoutFromMpvMetrics:
-    positioning.applyInvisibleSubtitleLayoutFromMpvMetrics,
  applyYPercent: positioning.applyYPercent,
  getCurrentYPercent: positioning.getCurrentYPercent,
  persistSubtitlePositionPatch: positioning.persistSubtitlePositionPatch,
-  reportHoveredTokenIndex: (tokenIndex: number | null) => {
-    window.electronAPI.reportHoveredSubtitleToken(tokenIndex);
-  },
 });

 let lastSubtitlePreview = '';
@@ -179,9 +165,6 @@ function dismissActiveUiAfterError(): void {

 function restoreOverlayInteractionAfterError(): void {
  ctx.state.isOverSubtitle = false;
-  if (ctx.state.invisiblePositionEditMode) {
-    positioning.setInvisiblePositionEditMode(false);
-  }
  ctx.dom.overlay.classList.remove('interactive');
  if (ctx.platform.shouldToggleMouseIgnore) {
    window.electronAPI.setIgnoreMouseEvents(true, { forward: true });
@@ -212,7 +195,6 @@ const recovery = createRendererRecoveryController({
    secondarySubtitlePreview: lastSecondarySubtitlePreview,
    isOverlayInteractive: ctx.dom.overlay.classList.contains('interactive'),
    isOverSubtitle: ctx.state.isOverSubtitle,
-    invisiblePositionEditMode: ctx.state.invisiblePositionEditMode,
    overlayLayer: ctx.platform.overlayLayer,
  }),
  logError: (payload) => {
@@ -222,6 +204,41 @@ const recovery = createRendererRecoveryController({

 registerRendererGlobalErrorHandlers(window, recovery);

+function registerModalOpenHandlers(): void {
+  window.electronAPI.onOpenRuntimeOptions(() => {
+    runGuardedAsync('runtime-options:open', async () => {
+      try {
+        await runtimeOptionsModal.openRuntimeOptionsModal();
+        window.electronAPI.notifyOverlayModalOpened('runtime-options');
+      } catch {
+        runtimeOptionsModal.setRuntimeOptionsStatus('Failed to load runtime options', true);
+        window.electronAPI.notifyOverlayModalClosed('runtime-options');
+        syncSettingsModalSubtitleSuppression();
+      }
+    });
+  });
+  window.electronAPI.onOpenJimaku(() => {
+    runGuarded('jimaku:open', () => {
+      jimakuModal.openJimakuModal();
+      window.electronAPI.notifyOverlayModalOpened('jimaku');
+    });
+  });
+  window.electronAPI.onSubsyncManualOpen((payload: SubsyncManualPayload) => {
+    runGuarded('subsync:manual-open', () => {
+      subsyncModal.openSubsyncModal(payload);
+      window.electronAPI.notifyOverlayModalOpened('subsync');
+    });
+  });
+  window.electronAPI.onKikuFieldGroupingRequest(
+    (data: { original: KikuDuplicateCardInfo; duplicate: KikuDuplicateCardInfo }) => {
+      runGuarded('kiku:field-grouping-open', () => {
+        kikuModal.openKikuFieldGroupingModal(data);
+        window.electronAPI.notifyOverlayModalOpened('kiku');
+      });
+    },
+  );
+}
+
 function runGuarded(action: string, fn: () => void): void {
  try {
    fn();
@@ -238,6 +255,8 @@ function runGuardedAsync(action: string, fn: () => Promise<void> | void): void {
    });
 }

+registerModalOpenHandlers();
+
 async function init(): Promise<void> {
  document.body.classList.add(`layer-${ctx.platform.overlayLayer}`);
  if (ctx.platform.isMacOSPlatform) {
@@ -252,41 +271,17 @@ async function init(): Promise<void> {
        lastSubtitlePreview = truncateForErrorLog(data.text);
      }
      subtitleRenderer.renderSubtitle(data);
-      if (ctx.platform.isInvisibleLayer && ctx.state.mpvSubtitleRenderMetrics) {
-        positioning.applyInvisibleSubtitleLayoutFromMpvMetrics(
-          ctx.state.mpvSubtitleRenderMetrics,
-          'subtitle-change',
-        );
-      }
      measurementReporter.schedule();
    });
  });

  window.electronAPI.onSubtitlePosition((position: SubtitlePosition | null) => {
    runGuarded('subtitle-position:update', () => {
-      if (ctx.platform.isInvisibleLayer) {
-        positioning.applyInvisibleStoredSubtitlePosition(position, 'media-change');
-      } else {
-        positioning.applyStoredSubtitlePosition(position, 'media-change');
-      }
+      positioning.applyStoredSubtitlePosition(position, 'media-change');
      measurementReporter.schedule();
    });
  });

-  if (ctx.platform.isInvisibleLayer) {
-    window.electronAPI.onMpvSubtitleRenderMetrics((metrics: MpvSubtitleRenderMetrics) => {
-      runGuarded('mpv-metrics:update', () => {
-        positioning.applyInvisibleSubtitleLayoutFromMpvMetrics(metrics, 'event');
-        measurementReporter.schedule();
-      });
-    });
-    window.electronAPI.onOverlayDebugVisualization((enabled: boolean) => {
-      runGuarded('overlay-debug-visualization:update', () => {
-        document.body.classList.toggle('debug-invisible-visualization', enabled);
-      });
-    });
-  }
-
  const initialSubtitle = await window.electronAPI.getCurrentSubtitleRaw();
  lastSubtitlePreview = truncateForErrorLog(initialSubtitle);
  subtitleRenderer.renderSubtitle(initialSubtitle);
@@ -310,17 +305,11 @@ async function init(): Promise<void> {
  subtitleRenderer.renderSecondarySub(await window.electronAPI.getCurrentSecondarySub());
  measurementReporter.schedule();

-  const hoverTarget = ctx.platform.isInvisibleLayer
-    ? ctx.dom.subtitleRoot
-    : ctx.dom.subtitleContainer;
-  hoverTarget.addEventListener('mouseenter', mouseHandlers.handleMouseEnter);
-  hoverTarget.addEventListener('mouseleave', mouseHandlers.handleMouseLeave);
+  ctx.dom.subtitleContainer.addEventListener('mouseenter', mouseHandlers.handleMouseEnter);
+  ctx.dom.subtitleContainer.addEventListener('mouseleave', mouseHandlers.handleMouseLeave);
  ctx.dom.secondarySubContainer.addEventListener('mouseenter', mouseHandlers.handleMouseEnter);
  ctx.dom.secondarySubContainer.addEventListener('mouseleave', mouseHandlers.handleMouseLeave);

-  mouseHandlers.setupInvisibleHoverSelection();
-  mouseHandlers.setupInvisibleTokenHoverReporter();
-  positioning.setupInvisiblePositionEditHud();
  mouseHandlers.setupResizeHandler();
  mouseHandlers.setupSelectionObserver();
  mouseHandlers.setupYomitanObserver();
@@ -348,59 +337,14 @@ async function init(): Promise<void> {
      measurementReporter.schedule();
    });
  });
-  window.electronAPI.onOpenRuntimeOptions(() => {
-    runGuardedAsync('runtime-options:open', async () => {
-      try {
-        await runtimeOptionsModal.openRuntimeOptionsModal();
-      } catch {
-        runtimeOptionsModal.setRuntimeOptionsStatus('Failed to load runtime options', true);
-        window.electronAPI.notifyOverlayModalClosed('runtime-options');
-        syncSettingsModalSubtitleSuppression();
-      }
-    });
-  });
-  window.electronAPI.onOpenJimaku(() => {
-    runGuarded('jimaku:open', () => {
-      jimakuModal.openJimakuModal();
-    });
-  });
-  window.electronAPI.onSubsyncManualOpen((payload: SubsyncManualPayload) => {
-    runGuarded('subsync:manual-open', () => {
-      subsyncModal.openSubsyncModal(payload);
-    });
-  });
-  window.electronAPI.onKikuFieldGroupingRequest(
-    (data: { original: KikuDuplicateCardInfo; duplicate: KikuDuplicateCardInfo }) => {
-      runGuarded('kiku:field-grouping-open', () => {
-        kikuModal.openKikuFieldGroupingModal(data);
-      });
-    },
-  );
-
-  if (!ctx.platform.isInvisibleLayer) {
-    mouseHandlers.setupDragging();
-  }
+  mouseHandlers.setupDragging();

  await keyboardHandlers.setupMpvInputForwarding();

  subtitleRenderer.applySubtitleStyle(await window.electronAPI.getSubtitleStyle());

-  if (ctx.platform.isInvisibleLayer) {
-    positioning.applyInvisibleStoredSubtitlePosition(
-      await window.electronAPI.getSubtitlePosition(),
-      'startup',
-    );
-    positioning.applyInvisibleSubtitleLayoutFromMpvMetrics(
-      await window.electronAPI.getMpvSubtitleRenderMetrics(),
-      'startup',
-    );
-  } else {
-    positioning.applyStoredSubtitlePosition(
-      await window.electronAPI.getSubtitlePosition(),
-      'startup',
-    );
-    measurementReporter.schedule();
-  }
+  positioning.applyStoredSubtitlePosition(await window.electronAPI.getSubtitlePosition(), 'startup');
+  measurementReporter.schedule();

  if (ctx.platform.shouldToggleMouseIgnore) {
    window.electronAPI.setIgnoreMouseEvents(true, { forward: true });
@@ -421,7 +365,7 @@ function setupDragDropToMpvQueue(): void {

  const clearDropInteractive = (): void => {
    dragDepth = 0;
-    if (isAnyModalOpen() || ctx.state.isOverSubtitle || ctx.state.invisiblePositionEditMode) {
+    if (isAnyModalOpen() || ctx.state.isOverSubtitle) {
      return;
    }
    ctx.dom.overlay.classList.remove('interactive');
--- a/src/renderer/style.css
+++ b/src/renderer/style.css
@@ -280,6 +280,8 @@ body {
  text-align: center;
  font-size: 35px;
  line-height: var(--visible-sub-line-height, 1.32);
+  overflow-wrap: anywhere;
+  word-break: keep-all;
  color: #cad3f5;
  --subtitle-known-word-color: #a6da95;
  --subtitle-n-plus-one-color: #c6a0f6;
@@ -288,6 +290,8 @@ body {
  --subtitle-jlpt-n3-color: #f9e2af;
  --subtitle-jlpt-n4-color: #a6e3a1;
  --subtitle-jlpt-n5-color: #8aadf4;
+  --subtitle-hover-token-color: #f4dbd6;
+  --subtitle-hover-token-background-color: rgba(54, 58, 79, 0.84);
  --subtitle-frequency-single-color: #f5a97f;
  --subtitle-frequency-band-1-color: #ed8796;
  --subtitle-frequency-band-2-color: #f5a97f;
@@ -300,6 +304,7 @@ body {
  /* Enable text selection for Yomitan */
  user-select: text;
  cursor: text;
+  -webkit-text-fill-color: currentColor;
 }

 #subtitleRoot:empty {
@@ -318,16 +323,21 @@ body.settings-modal-open #subtitleContainer {
 #subtitleRoot .c {
  display: inline;
  position: relative;
+  color: inherit;
+  -webkit-text-fill-color: currentColor !important;
 }

 #subtitleRoot .c:hover {
-  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15);
+  background: var(--subtitle-hover-token-background-color, rgba(54, 58, 79, 0.84));
+  color: var(--subtitle-hover-token-color, #f4dbd6) !important;
+  -webkit-text-fill-color: var(--subtitle-hover-token-color, #f4dbd6) !important;
  border-radius: 2px;
 }

 #subtitleRoot .word {
  display: inline;
  position: relative;
+  -webkit-text-fill-color: currentColor !important;
 }

 #subtitleRoot .word.word-known {
@@ -418,9 +428,103 @@ body.settings-modal-open #subtitleContainer {
  color: var(--subtitle-frequency-band-5-color, #8aadf4);
 }

-#subtitleRoot .word:hover {
-  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2);
+#subtitleRoot .word:not(.word-known):not(.word-n-plus-one):not(.word-frequency-single):not(
+    .word-frequency-band-1
+  ):not(.word-frequency-band-2):not(.word-frequency-band-3):not(.word-frequency-band-4):not(
+    .word-frequency-band-5
+  ):hover {
+  background: var(--subtitle-hover-token-background-color, rgba(54, 58, 79, 0.84));
  border-radius: 3px;
+  color: var(--subtitle-hover-token-color, #f4dbd6) !important;
+  -webkit-text-fill-color: var(--subtitle-hover-token-color, #f4dbd6) !important;
+}
+
+#subtitleRoot .word.word-known:hover,
+#subtitleRoot .word.word-n-plus-one:hover,
+#subtitleRoot .word.word-frequency-single:hover,
+#subtitleRoot .word.word-frequency-band-1:hover,
+#subtitleRoot .word.word-frequency-band-2:hover,
+#subtitleRoot .word.word-frequency-band-3:hover,
+#subtitleRoot .word.word-frequency-band-4:hover,
+#subtitleRoot .word.word-frequency-band-5:hover {
+  background: var(--subtitle-hover-token-background-color, rgba(54, 58, 79, 0.84));
+  border-radius: 3px;
+  font-weight: 800;
+}
+
+#subtitleRoot .word.word-known .c:hover,
+#subtitleRoot .word.word-n-plus-one .c:hover,
+#subtitleRoot .word.word-frequency-single .c:hover,
+#subtitleRoot .word.word-frequency-band-1 .c:hover,
+#subtitleRoot .word.word-frequency-band-2 .c:hover,
+#subtitleRoot .word.word-frequency-band-3 .c:hover,
+#subtitleRoot .word.word-frequency-band-4 .c:hover,
+#subtitleRoot .word.word-frequency-band-5 .c:hover {
+  background: transparent;
+  color: inherit !important;
+  -webkit-text-fill-color: currentColor !important;
+}
+
+#subtitleRoot::selection,
+#subtitleRoot .word::selection,
+#subtitleRoot .c::selection {
+  background: var(--subtitle-hover-token-background-color, rgba(54, 58, 79, 0.84));
+  color: var(--subtitle-hover-token-color, #f4dbd6) !important;
+  -webkit-text-fill-color: var(--subtitle-hover-token-color, #f4dbd6) !important;
+}
+
+#subtitleRoot *::selection {
+  background: var(--subtitle-hover-token-background-color, rgba(54, 58, 79, 0.84)) !important;
+  color: var(--subtitle-hover-token-color, #f4dbd6) !important;
+  -webkit-text-fill-color: var(--subtitle-hover-token-color, #f4dbd6) !important;
+}
+
+#subtitleRoot .word.word-known::selection,
+#subtitleRoot .word.word-known .c::selection {
+  color: var(--subtitle-known-word-color, #a6da95) !important;
+  -webkit-text-fill-color: var(--subtitle-known-word-color, #a6da95) !important;
+}
+
+#subtitleRoot .word.word-n-plus-one::selection,
+#subtitleRoot .word.word-n-plus-one .c::selection {
+  color: var(--subtitle-n-plus-one-color, #c6a0f6) !important;
+  -webkit-text-fill-color: var(--subtitle-n-plus-one-color, #c6a0f6) !important;
+}
+
+#subtitleRoot .word.word-frequency-single::selection,
+#subtitleRoot .word.word-frequency-single .c::selection {
+  color: var(--subtitle-frequency-single-color, #f5a97f) !important;
+  -webkit-text-fill-color: var(--subtitle-frequency-single-color, #f5a97f) !important;
+}
+
+#subtitleRoot .word.word-frequency-band-1::selection,
+#subtitleRoot .word.word-frequency-band-1 .c::selection {
+  color: var(--subtitle-frequency-band-1-color, #ed8796) !important;
+  -webkit-text-fill-color: var(--subtitle-frequency-band-1-color, #ed8796) !important;
+}
+
+#subtitleRoot .word.word-frequency-band-2::selection,
+#subtitleRoot .word.word-frequency-band-2 .c::selection {
+  color: var(--subtitle-frequency-band-2-color, #f5a97f) !important;
+  -webkit-text-fill-color: var(--subtitle-frequency-band-2-color, #f5a97f) !important;
+}
+
+#subtitleRoot .word.word-frequency-band-3::selection,
+#subtitleRoot .word.word-frequency-band-3 .c::selection {
+  color: var(--subtitle-frequency-band-3-color, #f9e2af) !important;
+  -webkit-text-fill-color: var(--subtitle-frequency-band-3-color, #f9e2af) !important;
+}
+
+#subtitleRoot .word.word-frequency-band-4::selection,
+#subtitleRoot .word.word-frequency-band-4 .c::selection {
+  color: var(--subtitle-frequency-band-4-color, #a6e3a1) !important;
+  -webkit-text-fill-color: var(--subtitle-frequency-band-4-color, #a6e3a1) !important;
+}
+
+#subtitleRoot .word.word-frequency-band-5::selection,
+#subtitleRoot .word.word-frequency-band-5 .c::selection {
+  color: var(--subtitle-frequency-band-5-color, #8aadf4) !important;
+  -webkit-text-fill-color: var(--subtitle-frequency-band-5-color, #8aadf4) !important;
 }

 #subtitleRoot br {
@@ -439,93 +543,6 @@ body.platform-macos.layer-visible #subtitleRoot {
  background: transparent;
 }

-body.layer-invisible #subtitleContainer {
-  background: transparent !important;
-  border: 0 !important;
-  padding: 0 !important;
-  border-radius: 0 !important;
-  position: relative;
-  z-index: 3;
-}
-
-body.layer-invisible #subtitleRoot,
-body.layer-invisible #subtitleRoot .word,
-body.layer-invisible #subtitleRoot .c {
-  color: transparent !important;
-  text-shadow: none !important;
-  -webkit-text-stroke: 0 !important;
-  -webkit-text-fill-color: transparent !important;
-  background: transparent !important;
-  caret-color: transparent !important;
-  line-height: var(--invisible-sub-line-height, normal) !important;
-  font-kerning: auto;
-  letter-spacing: normal;
-  font-variant-ligatures: normal;
-  font-feature-settings: normal;
-  text-rendering: auto;
-}
-
-body.layer-invisible #subtitleRoot br {
-  margin-bottom: 0 !important;
-}
-
-body.layer-invisible #subtitleRoot .word:hover,
-body.layer-invisible #subtitleRoot .c:hover,
-body.layer-invisible #subtitleRoot.has-selection .word:hover,
-body.layer-invisible #subtitleRoot.has-selection .c:hover {
-  background: transparent !important;
-}
-
-body.layer-invisible #subtitleRoot::selection,
-body.layer-invisible #subtitleRoot .word::selection,
-body.layer-invisible #subtitleRoot .c::selection {
-  background: transparent !important;
-  color: transparent !important;
-}
-
-body.layer-invisible.debug-invisible-visualization #subtitleRoot,
-body.layer-invisible.debug-invisible-visualization #subtitleRoot .word,
-body.layer-invisible.debug-invisible-visualization #subtitleRoot .c {
-  color: #ed8796 !important;
-  -webkit-text-fill-color: #ed8796 !important;
-  -webkit-text-stroke: var(--sub-border-size, 2px) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85) !important;
-  paint-order: stroke fill !important;
-  text-shadow: none !important;
-}
-
-.invisible-position-edit-hud {
-  position: absolute;
-  top: 14px;
-  left: 50%;
-  transform: translateX(-50%);
-  z-index: 30;
-  max-width: min(90vw, 1100px);
-  padding: 6px 10px;
-  border-radius: 8px;
-  font-size: 12px;
-  line-height: 1.35;
-  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.95);
-  background: rgba(22, 24, 36, 0.88);
-  border: 1px solid rgba(130, 150, 255, 0.55);
-  pointer-events: none;
-  opacity: 0;
-  transition: opacity 120ms ease;
-}
-
-body.layer-invisible.invisible-position-edit .invisible-position-edit-hud {
-  opacity: 1;
-}
-
-body.layer-invisible.invisible-position-edit #subtitleRoot,
-body.layer-invisible.invisible-position-edit #subtitleRoot .word,
-body.layer-invisible.invisible-position-edit #subtitleRoot .c {
-  color: #ed8796 !important;
-  -webkit-text-fill-color: #ed8796 !important;
-  -webkit-text-stroke: var(--sub-border-size, 2px) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85) !important;
-  paint-order: stroke fill !important;
-  text-shadow: none !important;
-}
-
 #secondarySubContainer {
  position: absolute;
  top: 40px;
@@ -538,40 +555,6 @@ body.layer-invisible.invisible-position-edit #subtitleRoot .c {
  pointer-events: auto;
 }

-body.layer-visible #secondarySubContainer,
-body.layer-invisible #secondarySubContainer {
-  display: none !important;
-  pointer-events: none !important;
-}
-
-body.layer-secondary #subtitleContainer,
-body.layer-secondary .modal,
-body.layer-secondary .overlay-error-toast {
-  display: none !important;
-  pointer-events: none !important;
-}
-
-body.layer-secondary #overlay {
-  justify-content: flex-start;
-  align-items: stretch;
-}
-
-body.layer-secondary #secondarySubContainer {
-  position: absolute;
-  inset: 0;
-  top: 0;
-  left: 0;
-  right: 0;
-  transform: none;
-  max-width: 100%;
-  border-radius: 0;
-  background: transparent;
-  padding: 8px 12px;
-  display: flex;
-  align-items: center;
-  justify-content: center;
-}
-
 body.layer-modal #subtitleContainer,
 body.layer-modal #secondarySubContainer {
  display: none !important;
@@ -597,10 +580,6 @@ body.layer-modal #overlay {
  cursor: text;
 }

-body.layer-secondary #secondarySubRoot {
-  max-width: 100%;
-}
-
 #secondarySubRoot:empty {
  display: none;
 }
@@ -644,11 +623,7 @@ body.settings-modal-open #secondarySubContainer {
  opacity: 1;
 }

-body.layer-secondary #secondarySubContainer.secondary-sub-hover {
-  padding: 8px 12px;
-  align-items: center;
-}
-
+iframe.yomitan-popup,
 iframe[id^='yomitan-popup'] {
  pointer-events: auto !important;
  z-index: 2147483647 !important;
--- a/src/renderer/subtitle-render.test.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/subtitle-render.test.ts
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ import {
  buildInvisibleTokenHoverRanges,
  computeWordClass,
  normalizeSubtitle,
+  sanitizeSubtitleHoverTokenColor,
  shouldRenderTokenizedSubtitle,
 } from './subtitle-render.js';
-import { resolveInvisibleLineHeight } from './positioning/invisible-layout-helpers.js';

 function createToken(overrides: Partial<MergedToken>): MergedToken {
  return {
@@ -210,6 +210,17 @@ test('computeWordClass skips frequency class when rank is out of topX', () => {
  assert.equal(actual, 'word');
 });

+test('sanitizeSubtitleHoverTokenColor falls back for pure black values', () => {
+  assert.equal(sanitizeSubtitleHoverTokenColor('#000000'), '#f4dbd6');
+  assert.equal(sanitizeSubtitleHoverTokenColor('000000'), '#f4dbd6');
+  assert.equal(sanitizeSubtitleHoverTokenColor('#0000'), '#f4dbd6');
+});
+
+test('sanitizeSubtitleHoverTokenColor keeps non-black color values', () => {
+  assert.equal(sanitizeSubtitleHoverTokenColor('#ff00ff'), '#ff00ff');
+  assert.equal(sanitizeSubtitleHoverTokenColor(undefined), '#f4dbd6');
+});
+
 test('alignTokensToSourceText preserves newline separators between adjacent token surfaces', () => {
  const tokens = [
    createToken({ surface: 'キリキリと', reading: 'きりきりと', headword: 'キリキリと' }),
@@ -285,20 +296,16 @@ test('normalizeSubtitle collapses explicit line breaks when collapseLineBreaks i
  );
 });

-test('shouldRenderTokenizedSubtitle disables token rendering on invisible layer', () => {
-  assert.equal(shouldRenderTokenizedSubtitle(true, 5), false);
-});
-
-test('shouldRenderTokenizedSubtitle enables token rendering on visible layer when tokens exist', () => {
-  assert.equal(shouldRenderTokenizedSubtitle(false, 5), true);
-  assert.equal(shouldRenderTokenizedSubtitle(false, 0), false);
+test('shouldRenderTokenizedSubtitle enables token rendering when tokens exist', () => {
+  assert.equal(shouldRenderTokenizedSubtitle(5), true);
+  assert.equal(shouldRenderTokenizedSubtitle(0), false);
 });

 test('JLPT CSS rules use underline-only styling in renderer stylesheet', () => {
  const distCssPath = path.join(process.cwd(), 'dist', 'renderer', 'style.css');
  const srcCssPath = path.join(process.cwd(), 'src', 'renderer', 'style.css');

-  const cssPath = fs.existsSync(distCssPath) ? distCssPath : srcCssPath;
+  const cssPath = fs.existsSync(srcCssPath) ? srcCssPath : distCssPath;
  if (!fs.existsSync(cssPath)) {
    assert.fail(
      'JLPT CSS file missing. Run `bun run build` first, or ensure src/renderer/style.css exists.',
@@ -330,31 +337,86 @@ test('JLPT CSS rules use underline-only styling in renderer stylesheet', () => {
    assert.match(block, /color:\s*var\(/);
  }

-  const invisibleBlock = extractClassBlock(
-    cssText,
-    'body.layer-invisible #subtitleRoot',
-  );
-  assert.match(
-    invisibleBlock,
-    /line-height:\s*var\(--invisible-sub-line-height,\s*normal\)\s*!important;/,
-  );
-
  const visibleMacBlock = extractClassBlock(
    cssText,
    'body.platform-macos.layer-visible #subtitleRoot',
  );
  assert.match(visibleMacBlock, /--visible-sub-line-height:\s*1\.64;/);
  assert.match(visibleMacBlock, /--visible-sub-line-gap:\s*0\.54em;/);
-});

-test('invisible overlay uses looser line height on macOS for multi-line subtitles', () => {
-  assert.equal(resolveInvisibleLineHeight(1, true), '1.08');
-  assert.equal(resolveInvisibleLineHeight(2, true), '1.5');
-  assert.equal(resolveInvisibleLineHeight(3, true), '1.62');
-});
+  const subtitleRootBlock = extractClassBlock(cssText, '#subtitleRoot');
+  assert.match(
+    subtitleRootBlock,
+    /--subtitle-hover-token-color:\s*#f4dbd6;/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    subtitleRootBlock,
+    /--subtitle-hover-token-background-color:\s*rgba\(54,\s*58,\s*79,\s*0\.84\);/,
+  );
+  assert.match(subtitleRootBlock, /-webkit-text-fill-color:\s*currentColor;/);

-test('invisible overlay keeps default line height on non-macOS platforms', () => {
-  assert.equal(resolveInvisibleLineHeight(1, false), 'normal');
-  assert.equal(resolveInvisibleLineHeight(2, false), 'normal');
-  assert.equal(resolveInvisibleLineHeight(4, false), 'normal');
+  const charBlock = extractClassBlock(cssText, '#subtitleRoot .c');
+  assert.match(charBlock, /-webkit-text-fill-color:\s*currentColor\s*!important;/);
+
+  const wordBlock = extractClassBlock(cssText, '#subtitleRoot .word');
+  assert.match(wordBlock, /-webkit-text-fill-color:\s*currentColor\s*!important;/);
+
+  assert.match(
+    cssText,
+    /#subtitleRoot \.word:not\(\.word-known\):not\(\.word-n-plus-one\):not\(\.word-frequency-single\):not\(\s*\.word-frequency-band-1\s*\):not\(\.word-frequency-band-2\):not\(\.word-frequency-band-3\):not\(\.word-frequency-band-4\):not\(\s*\.word-frequency-band-5\s*\):hover\s*\{[\s\S]*?background:\s*var\(--subtitle-hover-token-background-color,\s*rgba\(54,\s*58,\s*79,\s*0\.84\)\);[\s\S]*?color:\s*var\(--subtitle-hover-token-color,\s*#f4dbd6\)\s*!important;[\s\S]*?-webkit-text-fill-color:\s*var\(--subtitle-hover-token-color,\s*#f4dbd6\)\s*!important;/,
+  );
+
+  const coloredWordHoverBlock = extractClassBlock(cssText, '#subtitleRoot .word.word-known:hover');
+  assert.match(
+    coloredWordHoverBlock,
+    /background:\s*var\(--subtitle-hover-token-background-color,\s*rgba\(54,\s*58,\s*79,\s*0\.84\)\);/,
+  );
+  assert.match(coloredWordHoverBlock, /border-radius:\s*3px;/);
+  assert.match(coloredWordHoverBlock, /font-weight:\s*800;/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(coloredWordHoverBlock, /color:\s*var\(--subtitle-hover-token-color/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(coloredWordHoverBlock, /-webkit-text-fill-color:\s*var\(--subtitle-hover-token-color/);
+
+  const coloredWordSelectionBlock = extractClassBlock(cssText, '#subtitleRoot .word.word-known::selection');
+  assert.match(
+    coloredWordSelectionBlock,
+    /color:\s*var\(--subtitle-known-word-color,\s*#a6da95\)\s*!important;/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    coloredWordSelectionBlock,
+    /-webkit-text-fill-color:\s*var\(--subtitle-known-word-color,\s*#a6da95\)\s*!important;/,
+  );
+
+  const coloredCharHoverBlock = extractClassBlock(cssText, '#subtitleRoot .word.word-known .c:hover');
+  assert.match(coloredCharHoverBlock, /background:\s*transparent;/);
+  assert.match(coloredCharHoverBlock, /color:\s*inherit\s*!important;/);
+
+  const selectionBlock = extractClassBlock(cssText, '#subtitleRoot::selection');
+  assert.match(
+    selectionBlock,
+    /background:\s*var\(--subtitle-hover-token-background-color,\s*rgba\(54,\s*58,\s*79,\s*0\.84\)\);/,
+  );
+  assert.match(selectionBlock, /color:\s*var\(--subtitle-hover-token-color,\s*#f4dbd6\)\s*!important;/);
+  assert.match(
+    selectionBlock,
+    /-webkit-text-fill-color:\s*var\(--subtitle-hover-token-color,\s*#f4dbd6\)\s*!important;/,
+  );
+
+  const descendantSelectionBlock = extractClassBlock(cssText, '#subtitleRoot *::selection');
+  assert.match(
+    descendantSelectionBlock,
+    /background:\s*var\(--subtitle-hover-token-background-color,\s*rgba\(54,\s*58,\s*79,\s*0\.84\)\)\s*!important;/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    descendantSelectionBlock,
+    /color:\s*var\(--subtitle-hover-token-color,\s*#f4dbd6\)\s*!important;/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    descendantSelectionBlock,
+    /-webkit-text-fill-color:\s*var\(--subtitle-hover-token-color,\s*#f4dbd6\)\s*!important;/,
+  );
+
+  assert.doesNotMatch(
+    cssText,
+    /body\.layer-visible\s+#secondarySubContainer\s*\{[^}]*display:\s*none/i,
+  );
 });
--- a/src/renderer/subtitle-render.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/subtitle-render.ts
@@ -15,11 +15,8 @@ export type InvisibleTokenHoverRange = {
  tokenIndex: number;
 };

-export function shouldRenderTokenizedSubtitle(
-  isInvisibleLayer: boolean,
-  tokenCount: number,
-): boolean {
-  return !isInvisibleLayer && tokenCount > 0;
+export function shouldRenderTokenizedSubtitle(tokenCount: number): boolean {
+  return tokenCount > 0;
 }

 function isWhitespaceOnly(value: string): boolean {
@@ -47,6 +44,23 @@ function sanitizeHexColor(value: unknown, fallback: string): string {
    : fallback;
 }

+export function sanitizeSubtitleHoverTokenColor(value: unknown): string {
+  const sanitized = sanitizeHexColor(value, '#f4dbd6');
+  const normalized = sanitized.replace(/^#/, '').toLowerCase();
+  if (normalized === '000' || normalized === '0000' || normalized === '000000' || normalized === '00000000') {
+    return '#f4dbd6';
+  }
+  return sanitized;
+}
+
+function sanitizeSubtitleHoverTokenBackgroundColor(value: unknown): string {
+  if (typeof value !== 'string') {
+    return 'rgba(54, 58, 79, 0.84)';
+  }
+  const trimmed = value.trim();
+  return trimmed.length > 0 ? trimmed : 'rgba(54, 58, 79, 0.84)';
+}
+
 const DEFAULT_FREQUENCY_RENDER_SETTINGS: FrequencyRenderSettings = {
  enabled: false,
  topX: 1000,
@@ -79,6 +93,54 @@ function sanitizeFrequencyBandedColors(
  ];
 }

+function applyInlineStyleDeclarations(
+  target: HTMLElement,
+  declarations: Record<string, unknown>,
+  excludedKeys: ReadonlySet<string> = new Set<string>(),
+): void {
+  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(declarations)) {
+    if (excludedKeys.has(key)) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (value === null || value === undefined || typeof value === 'object') {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    const cssValue = String(value);
+    if (key.startsWith('-') || key.includes('-')) {
+      target.style.setProperty(key, cssValue);
+      if (key === '--webkit-text-stroke') {
+        target.style.setProperty('-webkit-text-stroke', cssValue);
+      }
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    const styleTarget = target.style as unknown as Record<string, string>;
+    styleTarget[key] = cssValue;
+  }
+}
+
+function pickInlineStyleDeclarations(
+  declarations: Record<string, unknown>,
+  includedKeys: ReadonlySet<string>,
+): Record<string, unknown> {
+  const picked: Record<string, unknown> = {};
+  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(declarations)) {
+    if (!includedKeys.has(key)) continue;
+    picked[key] = value;
+  }
+  return picked;
+}
+
+const CONTAINER_STYLE_KEYS = new Set<string>([
+  'background',
+  'backgroundColor',
+  'backdropFilter',
+  'WebkitBackdropFilter',
+  'webkitBackdropFilter',
+  '-webkit-backdrop-filter',
+]);
+
 function getFrequencyDictionaryClass(
  token: MergedToken,
  settings: FrequencyRenderSettings,
@@ -337,11 +399,8 @@ function renderPlainTextPreserveLineBreaks(root: ParentNode, text: string): void
 }

 export function createSubtitleRenderer(ctx: RendererContext) {
-  function renderSubtitle(data: SubtitleData | string): void {
+function renderSubtitle(data: SubtitleData | string): void {
    ctx.dom.subtitleRoot.innerHTML = '';
-    ctx.state.lastHoverSelectionKey = '';
-    ctx.state.lastHoverSelectionNode = null;
-    ctx.state.lastHoveredTokenIndex = null;

    let text: string;
    let tokens: MergedToken[] | null;
@@ -358,22 +417,8 @@ export function createSubtitleRenderer(ctx: RendererContext) {

    if (!text) return;

-    if (ctx.platform.isInvisibleLayer) {
-      // Keep natural kerning/shaping in invisible layer to match mpv glyph placement.
-      const normalizedInvisible = normalizeSubtitle(text, false);
-      ctx.state.currentInvisibleSubtitleLineCount = Math.max(
-        1,
-        normalizedInvisible.split('\n').length,
-      );
-      ctx.state.invisibleTokenHoverSourceText = normalizedInvisible;
-      ctx.state.invisibleTokenHoverRanges =
-        tokens && tokens.length > 0 ? buildInvisibleTokenHoverRanges(tokens, normalizedInvisible) : [];
-      renderPlainTextPreserveLineBreaks(ctx.dom.subtitleRoot, normalizedInvisible);
-      return;
-    }
-
    const normalized = normalizeSubtitle(text, true, !ctx.state.preserveSubtitleLineBreaks);
-    if (shouldRenderTokenizedSubtitle(ctx.platform.isInvisibleLayer, tokens?.length ?? 0) && tokens) {
+    if (shouldRenderTokenizedSubtitle(tokens?.length ?? 0) && tokens) {
      renderWithTokens(
        ctx.dom.subtitleRoot,
        tokens,
@@ -444,17 +489,30 @@ export function createSubtitleRenderer(ctx: RendererContext) {
  function applySubtitleStyle(style: SubtitleStyleConfig | null): void {
    if (!style) return;

+    const styleDeclarations = style as Record<string, unknown>;
+    applyInlineStyleDeclarations(
+      ctx.dom.subtitleRoot,
+      styleDeclarations,
+      CONTAINER_STYLE_KEYS,
+    );
+    applyInlineStyleDeclarations(
+      ctx.dom.subtitleContainer,
+      pickInlineStyleDeclarations(styleDeclarations, CONTAINER_STYLE_KEYS),
+    );
+
    if (style.fontFamily) ctx.dom.subtitleRoot.style.fontFamily = style.fontFamily;
    if (style.fontSize) ctx.dom.subtitleRoot.style.fontSize = `${style.fontSize}px`;
-    if (style.fontColor) ctx.dom.subtitleRoot.style.color = style.fontColor;
+    if (style.fontColor) {
+      ctx.dom.subtitleRoot.style.color = style.fontColor;
+    }
    if (style.fontWeight) ctx.dom.subtitleRoot.style.fontWeight = style.fontWeight;
    if (style.fontStyle) ctx.dom.subtitleRoot.style.fontStyle = style.fontStyle;
-    if (style.backgroundColor) {
-      ctx.dom.subtitleContainer.style.background = style.backgroundColor;
-    }
-
    const knownWordColor = style.knownWordColor ?? ctx.state.knownWordColor ?? '#a6da95';
    const nPlusOneColor = style.nPlusOneColor ?? ctx.state.nPlusOneColor ?? '#c6a0f6';
+    const hoverTokenColor = sanitizeSubtitleHoverTokenColor(style.hoverTokenColor);
+    const hoverTokenBackgroundColor = sanitizeSubtitleHoverTokenBackgroundColor(
+      style.hoverTokenBackgroundColor,
+    );
    const jlptColors = {
      N1: ctx.state.jlptN1Color ?? '#ed8796',
      N2: ctx.state.jlptN2Color ?? '#f5a97f',
@@ -476,6 +534,11 @@ export function createSubtitleRenderer(ctx: RendererContext) {
    ctx.state.nPlusOneColor = nPlusOneColor;
    ctx.dom.subtitleRoot.style.setProperty('--subtitle-known-word-color', knownWordColor);
    ctx.dom.subtitleRoot.style.setProperty('--subtitle-n-plus-one-color', nPlusOneColor);
+    ctx.dom.subtitleRoot.style.setProperty('--subtitle-hover-token-color', hoverTokenColor);
+    ctx.dom.subtitleRoot.style.setProperty(
+      '--subtitle-hover-token-background-color',
+      hoverTokenBackgroundColor,
+    );
    ctx.state.jlptN1Color = jlptColors.N1;
    ctx.state.jlptN2Color = jlptColors.N2;
    ctx.state.jlptN3Color = jlptColors.N3;
@@ -551,6 +614,17 @@ export function createSubtitleRenderer(ctx: RendererContext) {
    const secondaryStyle = style.secondary;
    if (!secondaryStyle) return;

+    const secondaryStyleDeclarations = secondaryStyle as Record<string, unknown>;
+    applyInlineStyleDeclarations(
+      ctx.dom.secondarySubRoot,
+      secondaryStyleDeclarations,
+      CONTAINER_STYLE_KEYS,
+    );
+    applyInlineStyleDeclarations(
+      ctx.dom.secondarySubContainer,
+      pickInlineStyleDeclarations(secondaryStyleDeclarations, CONTAINER_STYLE_KEYS),
+    );
+
    if (secondaryStyle.fontFamily) {
      ctx.dom.secondarySubRoot.style.fontFamily = secondaryStyle.fontFamily;
    }
@@ -566,9 +640,6 @@ export function createSubtitleRenderer(ctx: RendererContext) {
    if (secondaryStyle.fontStyle) {
      ctx.dom.secondarySubRoot.style.fontStyle = secondaryStyle.fontStyle;
    }
-    if (secondaryStyle.backgroundColor) {
-      ctx.dom.secondarySubContainer.style.background = secondaryStyle.backgroundColor;
-    }
  }

  return {
--- a/src/renderer/utils/platform.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/utils/platform.ts
@@ -1,40 +1,25 @@
-export type OverlayLayer = 'visible' | 'invisible' | 'secondary' | 'modal';
+export type OverlayLayer = 'visible' | 'modal';

 export type PlatformInfo = {
  overlayLayer: OverlayLayer;
-  isInvisibleLayer: boolean;
-  isSecondaryLayer: boolean;
  isModalLayer: boolean;
  isLinuxPlatform: boolean;
  isMacOSPlatform: boolean;
  shouldToggleMouseIgnore: boolean;
-  invisiblePositionEditToggleCode: string;
-  invisiblePositionStepPx: number;
-  invisiblePositionStepFastPx: number;
 };

 export function resolvePlatformInfo(): PlatformInfo {
  const overlayLayerFromPreload = window.electronAPI.getOverlayLayer();
  const queryLayer = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get('layer');
  const overlayLayerFromQuery: OverlayLayer | null =
-    queryLayer === 'visible' ||
-    queryLayer === 'invisible' ||
-    queryLayer === 'secondary' ||
-    queryLayer === 'modal'
-      ? queryLayer
-      : null;
+    queryLayer === 'visible' || queryLayer === 'modal' ? queryLayer : null;

  const overlayLayer: OverlayLayer =
    overlayLayerFromQuery ??
-    (overlayLayerFromPreload === 'visible' ||
-      overlayLayerFromPreload === 'invisible' ||
-      overlayLayerFromPreload === 'secondary' ||
-      overlayLayerFromPreload === 'modal'
+    (overlayLayerFromPreload === 'visible' || overlayLayerFromPreload === 'modal'
      ? overlayLayerFromPreload
      : 'visible');

-  const isInvisibleLayer = overlayLayer === 'invisible';
-  const isSecondaryLayer = overlayLayer === 'secondary';
  const isModalLayer = overlayLayer === 'modal';
  const isLinuxPlatform = navigator.platform.toLowerCase().includes('linux');
  const isMacOSPlatform =
@@ -42,14 +27,9 @@ export function resolvePlatformInfo(): PlatformInfo {

  return {
    overlayLayer,
-    isInvisibleLayer,
-    isSecondaryLayer,
    isModalLayer,
    isLinuxPlatform,
    isMacOSPlatform,
-    shouldToggleMouseIgnore: !isLinuxPlatform && !isSecondaryLayer && !isModalLayer,
-    invisiblePositionEditToggleCode: 'KeyP',
-    invisiblePositionStepPx: 1,
-    invisiblePositionStepFastPx: 4,
+    shouldToggleMouseIgnore: !isLinuxPlatform && !isModalLayer,
  };
 }
--- a/src/shared/ipc/contracts.ts
+++ b/src/shared/ipc/contracts.ts
@@ -19,15 +19,14 @@ export const IPC_CHANNELS = {
    refreshKnownWords: 'anki:refresh-known-words',
    kikuFieldGroupingRespond: 'kiku:field-grouping-respond',
    reportOverlayContentBounds: 'overlay-content-bounds:report',
+    overlayModalOpened: 'overlay:modal-opened',
  },
  request: {
    getOverlayVisibility: 'get-overlay-visibility',
    getVisibleOverlayVisibility: 'get-visible-overlay-visibility',
-    getInvisibleOverlayVisibility: 'get-invisible-overlay-visibility',
    getCurrentSubtitle: 'get-current-subtitle',
    getCurrentSubtitleRaw: 'get-current-subtitle-raw',
    getCurrentSubtitleAss: 'get-current-subtitle-ass',
-    getMpvSubtitleRenderMetrics: 'get-mpv-subtitle-render-metrics',
    getSubtitlePosition: 'get-subtitle-position',
    getSubtitleStyle: 'get-subtitle-style',
    getMecabStatus: 'get-mecab-status',
@@ -57,9 +56,7 @@ export const IPC_CHANNELS = {
    subtitleSet: 'subtitle:set',
    subtitleVisibility: 'mpv:subVisibility',
    subtitlePositionSet: 'subtitle-position:set',
-    mpvSubtitleRenderMetricsSet: 'mpv-subtitle-render-metrics:set',
    subtitleAssSet: 'subtitle-ass:set',
-    overlayDebugVisualizationSet: 'overlay-debug-visualization:set',
    secondarySubtitleSet: 'secondary-subtitle:set',
    secondarySubtitleMode: 'secondary-subtitle:mode',
    subsyncOpenManual: 'subsync:open-manual',
--- a/src/types.ts
+++ b/src/types.ts
@@ -71,8 +71,6 @@ export interface WindowGeometry {

 export interface SubtitlePosition {
  yPercent: number;
-  invisibleOffsetXPx?: number;
-  invisibleOffsetYPx?: number;
 }

 export interface SubtitleStyle {
@@ -272,6 +270,7 @@ export interface SubtitleStyleConfig {
  enableJlpt?: boolean;
  preserveLineBreaks?: boolean;
  hoverTokenColor?: string;
+  hoverTokenBackgroundColor?: string;
  fontFamily?: string;
  fontSize?: number;
  fontColor?: string;
@@ -309,7 +308,6 @@ export type FrequencyDictionaryMode = 'single' | 'banded';

 export interface ShortcutsConfig {
  toggleVisibleOverlayGlobal?: string | null;
-  toggleInvisibleOverlayGlobal?: string | null;
  copySubtitle?: string | null;
  copySubtitleMultiple?: string | null;
  updateLastCardFromClipboard?: string | null;
@@ -364,10 +362,6 @@ export interface DiscordPresenceConfig {
  debounceMs?: number;
 }

-export interface InvisibleOverlayConfig {
-  startupVisibility?: 'platform-default' | 'visible' | 'hidden';
-}
-
 export type YoutubeSubgenMode = 'automatic' | 'preprocess' | 'off';

 export interface YoutubeSubgenConfig {
@@ -410,7 +404,6 @@ export interface Config {
  anilist?: AnilistConfig;
  jellyfin?: JellyfinConfig;
  discordPresence?: DiscordPresenceConfig;
-  invisibleOverlay?: InvisibleOverlayConfig;
  youtubeSubgen?: YoutubeSubgenConfig;
  immersionTracking?: ImmersionTrackingConfig;
  logging?: {
@@ -540,7 +533,6 @@ export interface ResolvedConfig {
    updateIntervalMs: number;
    debounceMs: number;
  };
-  invisibleOverlay: Required<InvisibleOverlayConfig>;
  youtubeSubgen: YoutubeSubgenConfig & {
    mode: YoutubeSubgenMode;
    whisperBin: string;
@@ -630,7 +622,7 @@ export interface MpvSubtitleRenderMetrics {
  } | null;
 }

-export type OverlayLayer = 'visible' | 'invisible';
+export type OverlayLayer = 'visible';

 export interface OverlayContentRect {
  x: number;
@@ -728,7 +720,7 @@ export interface SubtitleHoverTokenPayload {
 }

 export interface ElectronAPI {
-  getOverlayLayer: () => 'visible' | 'invisible' | 'secondary' | 'modal' | null;
+  getOverlayLayer: () => 'visible' | 'modal' | null;
  onSubtitle: (callback: (data: SubtitleData) => void) => void;
  onVisibility: (callback: (visible: boolean) => void) => void;
  onSubtitlePosition: (callback: (position: SubtitlePosition | null) => void) => void;
@@ -736,10 +728,7 @@ export interface ElectronAPI {
  getCurrentSubtitle: () => Promise<SubtitleData>;
  getCurrentSubtitleRaw: () => Promise<string>;
  getCurrentSubtitleAss: () => Promise<string>;
-  getMpvSubtitleRenderMetrics: () => Promise<MpvSubtitleRenderMetrics>;
-  onMpvSubtitleRenderMetrics: (callback: (metrics: MpvSubtitleRenderMetrics) => void) => void;
  onSubtitleAss: (callback: (assText: string) => void) => void;
-  onOverlayDebugVisualization: (callback: (enabled: boolean) => void) => void;
  setIgnoreMouseEvents: (ignore: boolean, options?: { forward?: boolean }) => void;
  openYomitanSettings: () => void;
  getSubtitlePosition: () => Promise<SubtitlePosition | null>;
@@ -781,8 +770,8 @@ export interface ElectronAPI {
  onOpenJimaku: (callback: () => void) => void;
  appendClipboardVideoToQueue: () => Promise<ClipboardAppendResult>;
  notifyOverlayModalClosed: (modal: 'runtime-options' | 'subsync' | 'jimaku' | 'kiku') => void;
+  notifyOverlayModalOpened: (modal: 'runtime-options' | 'subsync' | 'jimaku' | 'kiku') => void;
  reportOverlayContentBounds: (measurement: OverlayContentMeasurement) => void;
-  reportHoveredSubtitleToken: (tokenIndex: number | null) => void;
  onConfigHotReload: (callback: (payload: ConfigHotReloadPayload) => void) => void;
 }