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# Cloudflare Pulumi Provider
Expert guidance for Cloudflare Pulumi Provider (@pulumi/cloudflare).
## Overview
Programmatic management of Cloudflare resources: Workers, Pages, D1, KV, R2, DNS, Queues, etc.
**Packages:**
- TypeScript/JS: `@pulumi/cloudflare`
- Python: `pulumi-cloudflare`
- Go: `github.com/pulumi/pulumi-cloudflare/sdk/v6/go/cloudflare`
- .NET: `Pulumi.Cloudflare`
**Version:** v6.x
## Core Principles
1. Use API tokens (not legacy API keys)
2. Store accountId in stack config
3. Match binding names across code/config
4. Use `module: true` for ES modules
5. Set `compatibilityDate` to lock behavior
## Authentication
```typescript
import * as cloudflare from "@pulumi/cloudflare";
// API Token (recommended): CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN env
const provider = new cloudflare.Provider("cf", { apiToken: process.env.CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN });
// API Key (legacy): CLOUDFLARE_API_KEY + CLOUDFLARE_EMAIL env
const provider = new cloudflare.Provider("cf", { apiKey: process.env.CLOUDFLARE_API_KEY, email: process.env.CLOUDFLARE_EMAIL });
// API User Service Key: CLOUDFLARE_API_USER_SERVICE_KEY env
const provider = new cloudflare.Provider("cf", { apiUserServiceKey: process.env.CLOUDFLARE_API_USER_SERVICE_KEY });
```
## Setup
**Pulumi.yaml:**
```yaml
name: my-cloudflare-app
runtime: nodejs
config:
cloudflare:apiToken:
value: ${CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN}
```
**Pulumi.<stack>.yaml:**
```yaml
config:
cloudflare:accountId: "abc123..."
```
**index.ts:**
```typescript
import * as pulumi from "@pulumi/pulumi";
import * as cloudflare from "@pulumi/cloudflare";
const accountId = new pulumi.Config("cloudflare").require("accountId");
```
## Common Resource Types
- `Provider` - Provider config
- `WorkerScript` - Worker
- `WorkersKvNamespace` - KV
- `R2Bucket` - R2
- `D1Database` - D1
- `Queue` - Queue
- `PagesProject` - Pages
- `DnsRecord` - DNS
- `WorkerRoute` - Worker route
- `WorkersDomain` - Custom domain
## Key Properties
- `accountId` - Required for most resources
- `zoneId` - Required for DNS/domain
- `name`/`title` - Resource identifier
- `*Bindings` - Connect resources to Workers
## Reading Order
| Order | File | What | When to Read |
|-------|------|------|--------------|
| 1 | [configuration.md](./configuration.md) | Resource config for Workers/KV/D1/R2/Queues/Pages | First time setup, resource reference |
| 2 | [patterns.md](./patterns.md) | Architecture patterns, multi-env, component resources | Building complex apps, best practices |
| 3 | [api.md](./api.md) | Outputs, dependencies, imports, dynamic providers | Advanced features, integrations |
| 4 | [gotchas.md](./gotchas.md) | Common errors, troubleshooting, limits | Debugging, deployment issues |
## In This Reference
- [configuration.md](./configuration.md) - Provider config, stack setup, Workers/bindings
- [api.md](./api.md) - Resource types, Workers script, KV/D1/R2/queues/Pages
- [patterns.md](./patterns.md) - Multi-env, secrets, CI/CD, stack management
- [gotchas.md](./gotchas.md) - State issues, deployment failures, limits
## See Also
- [terraform](../terraform/) - Alternative IaC for Cloudflare
- [wrangler](../wrangler/) - CLI deployment alternative
- [workers](../workers/) - Worker runtime documentation

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# API & Data Sources
## Outputs and Exports
Export resource identifiers:
```typescript
export const kvId = kv.id;
export const bucketName = bucket.name;
export const workerUrl = worker.subdomain;
export const dbId = db.id;
```
## Resource Dependencies
Implicit dependencies via outputs:
```typescript
const kv = new cloudflare.WorkersKvNamespace("kv", {
accountId: accountId,
title: "my-kv",
});
// Worker depends on KV (implicit via kv.id)
const worker = new cloudflare.WorkerScript("worker", {
accountId: accountId,
name: "my-worker",
content: code,
kvNamespaceBindings: [{name: "MY_KV", namespaceId: kv.id}], // Creates dependency
});
```
Explicit dependencies:
```typescript
const migration = new command.local.Command("migration", {
create: pulumi.interpolate`wrangler d1 execute ${db.name} --file ./schema.sql`,
}, {dependsOn: [db]});
const worker = new cloudflare.WorkerScript("worker", {
accountId: accountId,
name: "worker",
content: code,
d1DatabaseBindings: [{name: "DB", databaseId: db.id}],
}, {dependsOn: [migration]}); // Ensure migrations run first
```
## Using Outputs with API Calls
```typescript
const db = new cloudflare.D1Database("db", {accountId, name: "my-db"});
db.id.apply(async (dbId) => {
const response = await fetch(
`https://api.cloudflare.com/client/v4/accounts/${accountId}/d1/database/${dbId}/query`,
{method: "POST", headers: {"Authorization": `Bearer ${apiToken}`, "Content-Type": "application/json"},
body: JSON.stringify({sql: "CREATE TABLE users (id INT)"})}
);
return response.json();
});
```
## Custom Dynamic Providers
For resources not in provider:
```typescript
import * as pulumi from "@pulumi/pulumi";
class D1MigrationProvider implements pulumi.dynamic.ResourceProvider {
async create(inputs: any): Promise<pulumi.dynamic.CreateResult> {
const response = await fetch(
`https://api.cloudflare.com/client/v4/accounts/${inputs.accountId}/d1/database/${inputs.databaseId}/query`,
{method: "POST", headers: {"Authorization": `Bearer ${inputs.apiToken}`, "Content-Type": "application/json"},
body: JSON.stringify({sql: inputs.sql})}
);
return {id: `${inputs.databaseId}-${Date.now()}`, outs: await response.json()};
}
async update(id: string, olds: any, news: any): Promise<pulumi.dynamic.UpdateResult> {
if (olds.sql !== news.sql) await this.create(news);
return {};
}
async delete(id: string, props: any): Promise<void> {}
}
class D1Migration extends pulumi.dynamic.Resource {
constructor(name: string, args: any, opts?: pulumi.CustomResourceOptions) {
super(new D1MigrationProvider(), name, args, opts);
}
}
const migration = new D1Migration("migration", {
accountId, databaseId: db.id, apiToken, sql: "CREATE TABLE users (id INT)",
}, {dependsOn: [db]});
```
## Data Sources
**Get Zone:**
```typescript
const zone = cloudflare.getZone({name: "example.com"});
const zoneId = zone.then(z => z.id);
```
**Get Accounts (via API):**
Use Cloudflare API directly or custom dynamic resources.
## Import Existing Resources
```bash
# Import worker
pulumi import cloudflare:index/workerScript:WorkerScript my-worker <account_id>/<worker_name>
# Import KV namespace
pulumi import cloudflare:index/workersKvNamespace:WorkersKvNamespace my-kv <namespace_id>
# Import R2 bucket
pulumi import cloudflare:index/r2Bucket:R2Bucket my-bucket <account_id>/<bucket_name>
# Import D1 database
pulumi import cloudflare:index/d1Database:D1Database my-db <account_id>/<database_id>
# Import DNS record
pulumi import cloudflare:index/dnsRecord:DnsRecord my-record <zone_id>/<record_id>
```
## Secrets Management
```typescript
import * as pulumi from "@pulumi/pulumi";
const config = new pulumi.Config();
const apiKey = config.requireSecret("apiKey"); // Encrypted in state
const worker = new cloudflare.WorkerScript("worker", {
accountId: accountId,
name: "my-worker",
content: code,
secretTextBindings: [{name: "API_KEY", text: apiKey}],
});
```
Store secrets:
```bash
pulumi config set --secret apiKey "secret-value"
```
## Transform Pattern
Modify resource args before creation:
```typescript
import {Transform} from "@pulumi/pulumi";
interface BucketArgs {
accountId: pulumi.Input<string>;
transform?: {bucket?: Transform<cloudflare.R2BucketArgs>};
}
function createBucket(name: string, args: BucketArgs) {
const bucketArgs: cloudflare.R2BucketArgs = {
accountId: args.accountId,
name: name,
location: "auto",
};
const finalArgs = args.transform?.bucket?.(bucketArgs) ?? bucketArgs;
return new cloudflare.R2Bucket(name, finalArgs);
}
```
## v6.x Worker Versioning Resources
**Worker** - Container for versions:
```typescript
const worker = new cloudflare.Worker("api", {accountId, name: "api-worker"});
export const workerId = worker.id;
```
**WorkerVersion** - Immutable code + config:
```typescript
const version = new cloudflare.WorkerVersion("v1", {
accountId, workerId: worker.id,
content: fs.readFileSync("./dist/worker.js", "utf8"),
compatibilityDate: "2025-01-01",
});
export const versionId = version.id;
```
**WorkersDeployment** - Active deployment with bindings:
```typescript
const deployment = new cloudflare.WorkersDeployment("prod", {
accountId, workerId: worker.id, versionId: version.id,
kvNamespaceBindings: [{name: "MY_KV", namespaceId: kv.id}],
});
```
**Use:** Advanced deployments (canary, blue-green). Most apps should use `WorkerScript` (auto-versioning).
---
See: [README.md](./README.md), [configuration.md](./configuration.md), [patterns.md](./patterns.md), [gotchas.md](./gotchas.md)

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# Resource Configuration
## Workers (cloudflare.WorkerScript)
```typescript
import * as cloudflare from "@pulumi/cloudflare";
import * as fs from "fs";
const worker = new cloudflare.WorkerScript("my-worker", {
accountId: accountId,
name: "my-worker",
content: fs.readFileSync("./dist/worker.js", "utf8"),
module: true, // ES modules
compatibilityDate: "2025-01-01",
compatibilityFlags: ["nodejs_compat"],
// v6.x: Observability
logpush: true, // Enable Workers Logpush
tailConsumers: [{service: "log-consumer"}], // Stream logs to Worker
// v6.x: Placement
placement: {mode: "smart"}, // Smart placement for latency optimization
// Bindings
kvNamespaceBindings: [{name: "MY_KV", namespaceId: kv.id}],
r2BucketBindings: [{name: "MY_BUCKET", bucketName: bucket.name}],
d1DatabaseBindings: [{name: "DB", databaseId: db.id}],
queueBindings: [{name: "MY_QUEUE", queue: queue.id}],
serviceBindings: [{name: "OTHER_SERVICE", service: other.name}],
plainTextBindings: [{name: "ENV_VAR", text: "value"}],
secretTextBindings: [{name: "API_KEY", text: secret}],
// v6.x: Advanced bindings
analyticsEngineBindings: [{name: "ANALYTICS", dataset: "my-dataset"}],
browserBinding: {name: "BROWSER"}, // Browser Rendering
aiBinding: {name: "AI"}, // Workers AI
hyperdriveBindings: [{name: "HYPERDRIVE", id: hyperdriveConfig.id}],
});
```
## Workers KV (cloudflare.WorkersKvNamespace)
```typescript
const kv = new cloudflare.WorkersKvNamespace("my-kv", {
accountId: accountId,
title: "my-kv-namespace",
});
// Write values
const kvValue = new cloudflare.WorkersKvValue("config", {
accountId: accountId,
namespaceId: kv.id,
key: "config",
value: JSON.stringify({foo: "bar"}),
});
```
## R2 Buckets (cloudflare.R2Bucket)
```typescript
const bucket = new cloudflare.R2Bucket("my-bucket", {
accountId: accountId,
name: "my-bucket",
location: "auto", // or "wnam", etc.
});
```
## D1 Databases (cloudflare.D1Database)
```typescript
const db = new cloudflare.D1Database("my-db", {accountId, name: "my-database"});
// Migrations via wrangler
import * as command from "@pulumi/command";
const migration = new command.local.Command("d1-migration", {
create: pulumi.interpolate`wrangler d1 execute ${db.name} --file ./schema.sql`,
}, {dependsOn: [db]});
```
## Queues (cloudflare.Queue)
```typescript
const queue = new cloudflare.Queue("my-queue", {accountId, name: "my-queue"});
// Producer
const producer = new cloudflare.WorkerScript("producer", {
accountId, name: "producer", content: code,
queueBindings: [{name: "MY_QUEUE", queue: queue.id}],
});
// Consumer
const consumer = new cloudflare.WorkerScript("consumer", {
accountId, name: "consumer", content: code,
queueConsumers: [{queue: queue.name, maxBatchSize: 10, maxRetries: 3}],
});
```
## Pages Projects (cloudflare.PagesProject)
```typescript
const pages = new cloudflare.PagesProject("my-site", {
accountId, name: "my-site", productionBranch: "main",
buildConfig: {buildCommand: "npm run build", destinationDir: "dist"},
source: {
type: "github",
config: {owner: "my-org", repoName: "my-repo", productionBranch: "main"},
},
deploymentConfigs: {
production: {
environmentVariables: {NODE_VERSION: "18"},
kvNamespaces: {MY_KV: kv.id},
d1Databases: {DB: db.id},
},
},
});
```
## DNS Records (cloudflare.DnsRecord)
```typescript
const zone = cloudflare.getZone({name: "example.com"});
const record = new cloudflare.DnsRecord("www", {
zoneId: zone.then(z => z.id), name: "www", type: "A",
content: "192.0.2.1", ttl: 3600, proxied: true,
});
```
## Workers Domains/Routes
```typescript
// Route (pattern-based)
const route = new cloudflare.WorkerRoute("my-route", {
zoneId: zoneId,
pattern: "example.com/api/*",
scriptName: worker.name,
});
// Domain (dedicated subdomain)
const domain = new cloudflare.WorkersDomain("my-domain", {
accountId: accountId,
hostname: "api.example.com",
service: worker.name,
zoneId: zoneId,
});
```
## Assets Configuration (v6.x)
Serve static assets from Workers:
```typescript
const worker = new cloudflare.WorkerScript("app", {
accountId: accountId,
name: "my-app",
content: code,
assets: {
path: "./public", // Local directory
// Assets uploaded and served from Workers
},
});
```
## v6.x Versioned Deployments (Advanced)
For gradual rollouts, use 3-resource pattern:
```typescript
// 1. Worker (container for versions)
const worker = new cloudflare.Worker("api", {
accountId: accountId,
name: "api-worker",
});
// 2. Version (immutable code + config)
const version = new cloudflare.WorkerVersion("v1", {
accountId: accountId,
workerId: worker.id,
content: fs.readFileSync("./dist/worker.js", "utf8"),
compatibilityDate: "2025-01-01",
compatibilityFlags: ["nodejs_compat"],
// Note: Bindings configured at deployment level
});
// 3. Deployment (version + bindings + traffic split)
const deployment = new cloudflare.WorkersDeployment("prod", {
accountId: accountId,
workerId: worker.id,
versionId: version.id,
// Bindings applied to deployment
kvNamespaceBindings: [{name: "MY_KV", namespaceId: kv.id}],
});
```
**When to use:** Blue-green deployments, canary releases, gradual rollouts
**When NOT to use:** Simple single-version deployments (use WorkerScript)
---
See: [README.md](./README.md), [api.md](./api.md), [patterns.md](./patterns.md), [gotchas.md](./gotchas.md)

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# Troubleshooting & Best Practices
## Common Errors
### "No bundler/build step" - Pulumi uploads raw code
**Problem:** Worker fails with "Cannot use import statement outside a module"
**Cause:** Pulumi doesn't bundle Worker code - uploads exactly what you provide
**Solution:** Build Worker BEFORE Pulumi deploy
```typescript
// WRONG: Pulumi won't bundle this
const worker = new cloudflare.WorkerScript("worker", {
content: fs.readFileSync("./src/index.ts", "utf8"), // Raw TS file
});
// RIGHT: Build first, then deploy
import * as command from "@pulumi/command";
const build = new command.local.Command("build", {
create: "npm run build",
dir: "./worker",
});
const worker = new cloudflare.WorkerScript("worker", {
content: build.stdout.apply(() => fs.readFileSync("./worker/dist/index.js", "utf8")),
}, {dependsOn: [build]});
```
### "wrangler.toml not consumed" - Config drift
**Problem:** Local wrangler dev works, Pulumi deploy fails
**Cause:** Pulumi ignores wrangler.toml - must duplicate config
**Solution:** Generate wrangler.toml from Pulumi or keep synced manually
```typescript
// Pattern: Export Pulumi config to wrangler.toml
const workerConfig = {
name: "my-worker",
compatibilityDate: "2025-01-01",
compatibilityFlags: ["nodejs_compat"],
};
new command.local.Command("generate-wrangler", {
create: pulumi.interpolate`cat > wrangler.toml <<EOF
name = "${workerConfig.name}"
compatibility_date = "${workerConfig.compatibilityDate}"
compatibility_flags = ${JSON.stringify(workerConfig.compatibilityFlags)}
EOF`,
});
```
### "False no-changes detection" - Content SHA unchanged
**Problem:** Worker code updated, Pulumi says "no changes"
**Cause:** Content hash identical (whitespace/comment-only change)
**Solution:** Add build timestamp or version to force update
```typescript
const version = Date.now().toString();
const worker = new cloudflare.WorkerScript("worker", {
content: code,
plainTextBindings: [{name: "VERSION", text: version}], // Forces new deployment
});
```
### "D1 migrations don't run on pulumi up"
**Problem:** Database schema not applied after D1 database created
**Cause:** Pulumi creates database but doesn't run migrations
**Solution:** Use Command resource with dependsOn
```typescript
const db = new cloudflare.D1Database("db", {accountId, name: "mydb"});
// Run migrations after DB created
const migration = new command.local.Command("migrate", {
create: pulumi.interpolate`wrangler d1 execute ${db.name} --file ./schema.sql`,
}, {dependsOn: [db]});
// Worker depends on migrations
const worker = new cloudflare.WorkerScript("worker", {
d1DatabaseBindings: [{name: "DB", databaseId: db.id}],
}, {dependsOn: [migration]});
```
### "Missing required property 'accountId'"
**Problem:** `Error: Missing required property 'accountId'`
**Cause:** Account ID not provided in resource configuration
**Solution:** Add to stack config
```yaml
# Pulumi.<stack>.yaml
config:
cloudflare:accountId: "abc123..."
```
### "Binding name mismatch"
**Problem:** Worker fails with "env.MY_KV is undefined"
**Cause:** Binding name in Pulumi != name in Worker code
**Solution:** Match exactly (case-sensitive)
```typescript
// Pulumi
kvNamespaceBindings: [{name: "MY_KV", namespaceId: kv.id}]
// Worker code
export default { async fetch(request, env) { await env.MY_KV.get("key"); }}
```
### "API token permissions insufficient"
**Problem:** `Error: authentication error (10000)`
**Cause:** Token lacks required permissions
**Solution:** Grant token permissions: Account.Workers Scripts:Edit, Account.Account Settings:Read
### "Resource not found after import"
**Problem:** Imported resource shows as changed on next `pulumi up`
**Cause:** State mismatch between actual resource and Pulumi config
**Solution:** Check property names/types match exactly
```bash
pulumi import cloudflare:index/workerScript:WorkerScript my-worker <account_id>/<worker_name>
pulumi preview # If shows changes, adjust Pulumi code to match actual resource
```
### "v6.x Worker versioning confusion"
**Problem:** Worker deployed but not receiving traffic
**Cause:** v6.x requires Worker + WorkerVersion + WorkersDeployment (3 resources)
**Solution:** Use WorkerScript (auto-versioning) OR full versioning pattern
```typescript
// SIMPLE: WorkerScript auto-versions (default behavior)
const worker = new cloudflare.WorkerScript("worker", {
accountId, name: "my-worker", content: code,
});
// ADVANCED: Manual versioning for gradual rollouts (v6.x)
const worker = new cloudflare.Worker("worker", {accountId, name: "my-worker"});
const version = new cloudflare.WorkerVersion("v1", {
accountId, workerId: worker.id, content: code, compatibilityDate: "2025-01-01",
});
const deployment = new cloudflare.WorkersDeployment("prod", {
accountId, workerId: worker.id, versionId: version.id,
});
```
## Best Practices
1. **Always set compatibilityDate** - Locks Worker behavior, prevents breaking changes
2. **Build before deploy** - Pulumi doesn't bundle; use Command resource or CI build step
3. **Match binding names** - Case-sensitive, must match between Pulumi and Worker code
4. **Use dependsOn for migrations** - Ensure D1 migrations run before Worker deploys
5. **Version Worker content** - Add VERSION binding to force redeployment on content changes
6. **Store secrets in stack config** - Use `pulumi config set --secret` for API keys
## Limits
| Resource | Limit | Notes |
|----------|-------|-------|
| Worker script size | 10 MB | Includes all dependencies, after compression |
| Worker CPU time | 50ms (free), 30s (paid) | Per request |
| KV keys per namespace | Unlimited | 1000 ops/sec write, 100k ops/sec read |
| R2 storage | Unlimited | Class A ops: 1M/mo free, Class B: 10M/mo free |
| D1 databases | 50,000 per account | Free: 10 per account, 5 GB each |
| Queues | 10,000 per account | Free: 1M ops/day |
| Pages projects | 500 per account | Free: 100 projects |
| API requests | Varies by plan | ~1200 req/5min on free |
## Resources
- **Pulumi Registry:** https://www.pulumi.com/registry/packages/cloudflare/
- **API Docs:** https://www.pulumi.com/registry/packages/cloudflare/api-docs/
- **GitHub:** https://github.com/pulumi/pulumi-cloudflare
- **Cloudflare Docs:** https://developers.cloudflare.com/
- **Workers Docs:** https://developers.cloudflare.com/workers/
---
See: [README.md](./README.md), [configuration.md](./configuration.md), [api.md](./api.md), [patterns.md](./patterns.md)

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# Architecture Patterns
## Component Resources
```typescript
class WorkerApp extends pulumi.ComponentResource {
constructor(name: string, args: WorkerAppArgs, opts?) {
super("custom:cloudflare:WorkerApp", name, {}, opts);
const defaultOpts = {parent: this};
this.kv = new cloudflare.WorkersKvNamespace(`${name}-kv`, {accountId: args.accountId, title: `${name}-kv`}, defaultOpts);
this.worker = new cloudflare.WorkerScript(`${name}-worker`, {
accountId: args.accountId, name: `${name}-worker`, content: args.workerCode,
module: true, kvNamespaceBindings: [{name: "KV", namespaceId: this.kv.id}],
}, defaultOpts);
this.domain = new cloudflare.WorkersDomain(`${name}-domain`, {
accountId: args.accountId, hostname: args.domain, service: this.worker.name,
}, defaultOpts);
}
}
```
## Full-Stack Worker App
```typescript
const kv = new cloudflare.WorkersKvNamespace("cache", {accountId, title: "api-cache"});
const db = new cloudflare.D1Database("db", {accountId, name: "app-database"});
const bucket = new cloudflare.R2Bucket("assets", {accountId, name: "app-assets"});
const apiWorker = new cloudflare.WorkerScript("api", {
accountId, name: "api-worker", content: fs.readFileSync("./dist/api.js", "utf8"),
module: true, kvNamespaceBindings: [{name: "CACHE", namespaceId: kv.id}],
d1DatabaseBindings: [{name: "DB", databaseId: db.id}],
r2BucketBindings: [{name: "ASSETS", bucketName: bucket.name}],
});
```
## Multi-Environment Setup
```typescript
const stack = pulumi.getStack();
const worker = new cloudflare.WorkerScript(`worker-${stack}`, {
accountId, name: `my-worker-${stack}`, content: code,
plainTextBindings: [{name: "ENVIRONMENT", text: stack}],
});
```
## Queue-Based Processing
```typescript
const queue = new cloudflare.Queue("processing-queue", {accountId, name: "image-processing"});
// Producer: API receives requests
const apiWorker = new cloudflare.WorkerScript("api", {
accountId, name: "api-worker", content: apiCode,
queueBindings: [{name: "PROCESSING_QUEUE", queue: queue.id}],
});
// Consumer: Process async
const processorWorker = new cloudflare.WorkerScript("processor", {
accountId, name: "processor-worker", content: processorCode,
queueConsumers: [{queue: queue.name, maxBatchSize: 10, maxRetries: 3, maxWaitTimeMs: 5000}],
r2BucketBindings: [{name: "OUTPUT_BUCKET", bucketName: outputBucket.name}],
});
```
## Microservices with Service Bindings
```typescript
const authWorker = new cloudflare.WorkerScript("auth", {accountId, name: "auth-service", content: authCode});
const apiWorker = new cloudflare.WorkerScript("api", {
accountId, name: "api-service", content: apiCode,
serviceBindings: [{name: "AUTH", service: authWorker.name}],
});
```
## Event-Driven Architecture
```typescript
const eventQueue = new cloudflare.Queue("events", {accountId, name: "event-bus"});
const producer = new cloudflare.WorkerScript("producer", {
accountId, name: "api-producer", content: producerCode,
queueBindings: [{name: "EVENTS", queue: eventQueue.id}],
});
const consumer = new cloudflare.WorkerScript("consumer", {
accountId, name: "email-consumer", content: consumerCode,
queueConsumers: [{queue: eventQueue.name, maxBatchSize: 10}],
});
```
## v6.x Versioned Deployments (Blue-Green/Canary)
```typescript
const worker = new cloudflare.Worker("api", {accountId, name: "api-worker"});
const v1 = new cloudflare.WorkerVersion("v1", {accountId, workerId: worker.id, content: fs.readFileSync("./dist/v1.js", "utf8"), compatibilityDate: "2025-01-01"});
const v2 = new cloudflare.WorkerVersion("v2", {accountId, workerId: worker.id, content: fs.readFileSync("./dist/v2.js", "utf8"), compatibilityDate: "2025-01-01"});
// Gradual rollout: 10% v2, 90% v1
const deployment = new cloudflare.WorkersDeployment("canary", {
accountId, workerId: worker.id,
versions: [{versionId: v2.id, percentage: 10}, {versionId: v1.id, percentage: 90}],
kvNamespaceBindings: [{name: "MY_KV", namespaceId: kv.id}],
});
```
**Use:** Canary releases, A/B testing, blue-green. Most apps use `WorkerScript` (auto-versioning).
## Wrangler.toml Generation (Bridge IaC with Local Dev)
Generate wrangler.toml from Pulumi config to keep local dev in sync:
```typescript
import * as command from "@pulumi/command";
const workerConfig = {
name: "my-worker",
compatibilityDate: "2025-01-01",
compatibilityFlags: ["nodejs_compat"],
};
// Create resources
const kv = new cloudflare.WorkersKvNamespace("kv", {accountId, title: "my-kv"});
const db = new cloudflare.D1Database("db", {accountId, name: "my-db"});
const bucket = new cloudflare.R2Bucket("bucket", {accountId, name: "my-bucket"});
// Generate wrangler.toml after resources created
const wranglerGen = new command.local.Command("gen-wrangler", {
create: pulumi.interpolate`cat > wrangler.toml <<EOF
name = "${workerConfig.name}"
main = "src/index.ts"
compatibility_date = "${workerConfig.compatibilityDate}"
compatibility_flags = ${JSON.stringify(workerConfig.compatibilityFlags)}
[[kv_namespaces]]
binding = "MY_KV"
id = "${kv.id}"
[[d1_databases]]
binding = "DB"
database_id = "${db.id}"
database_name = "${db.name}"
[[r2_buckets]]
binding = "MY_BUCKET"
bucket_name = "${bucket.name}"
EOF`,
}, {dependsOn: [kv, db, bucket]});
// Deploy worker after wrangler.toml generated
const worker = new cloudflare.WorkerScript("worker", {
accountId, name: workerConfig.name, content: code,
compatibilityDate: workerConfig.compatibilityDate,
compatibilityFlags: workerConfig.compatibilityFlags,
kvNamespaceBindings: [{name: "MY_KV", namespaceId: kv.id}],
d1DatabaseBindings: [{name: "DB", databaseId: db.id}],
r2BucketBindings: [{name: "MY_BUCKET", bucketName: bucket.name}],
}, {dependsOn: [wranglerGen]});
```
**Benefits:**
- `wrangler dev` uses same bindings as production
- No config drift between Pulumi and local dev
- Single source of truth (Pulumi config)
**Alternative:** Read wrangler.toml in Pulumi (reverse direction) if wrangler is source of truth
## Build + Deploy Pattern
```typescript
import * as command from "@pulumi/command";
const build = new command.local.Command("build", {create: "npm run build", dir: "./worker"});
const worker = new cloudflare.WorkerScript("worker", {
accountId, name: "my-worker",
content: build.stdout.apply(() => fs.readFileSync("./worker/dist/index.js", "utf8")),
}, {dependsOn: [build]});
```
## Content SHA Pattern (Force Updates)
Prevent false "no changes" detections:
```typescript
const version = Date.now().toString();
const worker = new cloudflare.WorkerScript("worker", {
accountId, name: "my-worker", content: code,
plainTextBindings: [{name: "VERSION", text: version}], // Forces deployment
});
```
---
See: [README.md](./README.md), [configuration.md](./configuration.md), [api.md](./api.md), [gotchas.md](./gotchas.md)