Architecture

SubMiner uses a service-oriented Electron architecture with a composition-oriented main process and a modular renderer process.

Goals

Keep behavior stable while reducing coupling.
Prefer small, single-purpose units that can be tested in isolation.
Keep main.ts focused on wiring and state ownership, not implementation detail.
Follow Unix-style composability:
- each service does one job
- services compose through explicit inputs/outputs
- orchestration is separate from implementation

Project Structure

src/
  main.ts                  # Entry point — delegates to runtime composers/domain modules
  preload.ts               # Electron preload bridge
  types.ts                 # Shared type definitions
  main/                    # Composition root modules (extracted from main.ts)
    app-lifecycle.ts       # Electron lifecycle event registration
    cli-runtime.ts         # CLI command handling and dispatch
    dependencies.ts        # Shared dependency builders for IPC/runtime
    ipc-mpv-command.ts     # MPV command composition helpers
    ipc-runtime.ts         # IPC channel registration and handlers
    overlay-runtime.ts      # Overlay window/modal selection and state
    overlay-shortcuts-runtime.ts # Overlay keyboard shortcut handling
    startup.ts              # Startup bootstrap flow (argv/env processing)
    startup-lifecycle.ts    # App-ready initialization sequence
    state.ts                # Application runtime state container
    subsync-runtime.ts      # Subsync command orchestration
    runtime/
      composers/            # Composition assembly clusters consumed by main.ts
      domains/              # Domain barrel exports for runtime services
  core/
    services/              # ~60 focused service modules (see below)
    utils/                 # Pure helpers and coercion/config utilities
  cli/                     # CLI parsing and help output
  config/                  # Config schema, defaults, validation, template generation
  renderer/                # Overlay renderer (modularized UI/runtime)
  window-trackers/         # Backend-specific tracker implementations (Hyprland, Sway, X11, macOS)
  jimaku/                  # Jimaku API integration helpers
  subsync/                 # Subtitle sync (alass/ffsubsync) helpers
  subtitle/                # Subtitle processing utilities
  tokenizers/              # Tokenizer implementations
  token-mergers/           # Token merge strategies
  translators/             # AI translation providers

Service Layer (`src/core/services/`)

Startup — startup-service, app-lifecycle-service, app-ready-service
Overlay — overlay-manager-service, overlay-window-service, overlay-visibility-service, overlay-bridge-service, overlay-runtime-init-service, overlay-content-measurement-service
Shortcuts — shortcut-service, overlay-shortcut-service, overlay-shortcut-handler, shortcut-fallback-service, numeric-shortcut-service, numeric-shortcut-session-service
MPV — mpv-service, mpv-control-service, mpv-render-metrics-service, mpv-transport, mpv-protocol, mpv-state, mpv-properties
IPC — ipc-service, ipc-command-service, runtime-options-ipc-service
Mining — mining-service, field-grouping-service, field-grouping-overlay-service, anki-jimaku-service, anki-jimaku-ipc-service
Subtitles — subtitle-ws-service, subtitle-position-service, secondary-subtitle-service, tokenizer-service
Integrations — jimaku-service, subsync-service, subsync-runner-service, texthooker-service, yomitan-extension-loader-service, yomitan-settings-service
Config — runtime-config-service, cli-command-service

Renderer Layer (`src/renderer/`)

The overlay renderer is split by concern so renderer.ts stays focused on bootstrapping, IPC wiring, and module composition.

src/renderer/
  renderer.ts              # Entrypoint/orchestration only
  context.ts               # Shared runtime context contract
  state.ts                 # Centralized renderer mutable state
  subtitle-render.ts       # Primary/secondary subtitle rendering + style application
  positioning.ts           # Visible/invisible positioning + mpv metrics layout
  handlers/
    keyboard.ts            # Keybindings, chord handling, modal key routing
    mouse.ts               # Hover/drag behavior, selection + observer wiring
  modals/
    jimaku.ts              # Jimaku modal flow
    kiku.ts                # Kiku field-grouping modal flow
    runtime-options.ts     # Runtime options modal flow
    subsync.ts             # Manual subsync modal flow
  utils/
    dom.ts                 # Required DOM lookups + typed handles
    platform.ts            # Layer/platform capability detection

Flow Diagram

The main process has three layers: main.ts delegates to composition modules that wire together domain services. The renderer runs in a separate Electron process, connected through preload.ts.

flowchart TD
  classDef entry fill:#c6a0f6,stroke:#363a4f,color:#24273a,stroke-width:2px
  classDef comp fill:#b7bdf8,stroke:#363a4f,color:#24273a,stroke-width:1.5px
  classDef svc fill:#8aadf4,stroke:#363a4f,color:#24273a,stroke-width:1.5px
  classDef bridge fill:#f5a97f,stroke:#363a4f,color:#24273a,stroke-width:1.5px
  classDef rend fill:#8bd5ca,stroke:#363a4f,color:#24273a,stroke-width:1.5px
  classDef ext fill:#a6da95,stroke:#363a4f,color:#24273a,stroke-width:1.5px

  Main["main.ts"]:::entry

  subgraph Comp["Composition — src/main/"]
    Startup["Startup & Lifecycle<br/>startup · app-lifecycle<br/>startup-lifecycle · state"]:::comp
    Wiring["Runtime Wiring<br/>ipc-runtime · cli-runtime<br/>overlay-runtime · subsync-runtime"]:::comp
  end

  subgraph Svc["Services — src/core/services/"]
    direction LR
    Mpv["MPV Stack<br/>transport · protocol<br/>state · properties"]:::svc
    Overlay["Overlay<br/>manager · window<br/>visibility · bridge"]:::svc
    Mining["Mining & Subtitles<br/>mining · field-grouping<br/>subtitle-ws · tokenizer"]:::svc
    Integrations["Integrations<br/>jimaku · subsync<br/>texthooker · yomitan"]:::svc
  end

  Bridge(["preload.ts — Electron IPC"]):::bridge

  subgraph Rend["Renderer — src/renderer/"]
    Orchestration["renderer.ts<br/>orchestration · IPC wiring"]:::rend
    UI["subtitle-render · positioning<br/>handlers · modals"]:::rend
  end

  subgraph Ext["External Systems"]
    direction LR
    mpv["mpv"]:::ext
    Anki["AnkiConnect"]:::ext
    Jimaku["Jimaku API"]:::ext
    Tracker["Window Tracker"]:::ext
  end

  Main -->|delegates| Comp
  Startup -->|initializes| Svc
  Wiring -->|dispatches to| Svc

  Overlay <--> Bridge
  Mining <--> Bridge
  Bridge <--> Orchestration
  Orchestration --> UI

  Mpv <-->|JSON socket| mpv
  Mining -->|HTTP| Anki
  Integrations -->|HTTP| Jimaku
  Overlay --> Tracker

  style Comp fill:#363a4f,stroke:#494d64,color:#cad3f5
  style Svc fill:#363a4f,stroke:#494d64,color:#cad3f5
  style Rend fill:#363a4f,stroke:#494d64,color:#cad3f5
  style Ext fill:#363a4f,stroke:#494d64,color:#cad3f5

Composition Pattern

Most runtime code follows a dependency-injection pattern:

Define a service interface in src/core/services/*.
Keep core logic in pure or side-effect-bounded functions.
Build runtime deps in src/main/ composition modules; extract an adapter/helper only when it adds meaningful behavior or reuse.
Call the service from lifecycle/command wiring points.

The composition root (src/main.ts) delegates to focused modules in src/main/ and src/main/runtime/composers/:

startup.ts — argv/env processing and bootstrap flow
app-lifecycle.ts — Electron lifecycle event registration
startup-lifecycle.ts — app-ready initialization sequence
state.ts — centralized application runtime state container
ipc-runtime.ts — IPC channel registration and handler wiring
cli-runtime.ts — CLI command parsing and dispatch
overlay-runtime.ts — overlay window selection and modal state management
subsync-runtime.ts — subsync command orchestration
runtime/composers/anilist-tracking-composer.ts — AniList media tracking/probe/retry wiring
runtime/composers/mpv-runtime-composer.ts — MPV event/factory/tokenizer/warmup wiring

Composer modules share contract conventions via src/main/runtime/composers/contracts.ts:

composer input surfaces are declared with ComposerInputs<T> so required dependencies cannot be omitted at compile time
composer outputs are declared with ComposerOutputs<T> to keep result contracts explicit and stable
builder return payload extraction should use shared type helpers instead of inline ad-hoc inference

This keeps side effects explicit and makes behavior easy to unit-test with fakes.

IPC Contract + Validation Boundary

Central channel constants live in src/shared/ipc/contracts.ts and are consumed by both main (ipcMain) and renderer preload (ipcRenderer) wiring.
Runtime payload parsers/type guards live in src/shared/ipc/validators.ts.
Rule: renderer-supplied payloads must be validated at IPC entry points (src/core/services/ipc.ts, src/core/services/anki-jimaku-ipc.ts) before calling domain handlers.
Malformed invoke payloads return explicit structured errors (for example { ok: false, error: ... }) and malformed fire-and-forget payloads are ignored safely.

Runtime State Ownership (Migrated Domains)

For domains migrated to reducer-style transitions (for example AniList token/queue/media-guess runtime state), follow these rules:

Composition/runtime modules own mutable state cells and expose narrow get*/set* accessors.
Domain handlers do not mutate foreign state directly; they call explicit transition helpers that encode invariants.
Transition helpers may sync derived counters/snapshots, but must preserve non-owned metadata unless the transition explicitly owns that metadata.
Reducer boundary: when a domain has transition helpers in src/main/state.ts, new callsites should route updates through those helpers instead of ad-hoc object mutation in main.ts or composers.
Tests for migrated domains should assert both the intended field changes and non-targeted field invariants.

Program Lifecycle

Startup: startup.ts parses CLI args and detects the compositor backend. If --generate-config is passed, it writes the template and exits. Otherwise app-lifecycle.ts acquires the single-instance lock and registers Electron lifecycle hooks.
Initialization: Once app.whenReady() fires, startup-lifecycle.ts runs a short critical path first (config reload, keybindings, mpv client, overlay setup, IPC bridge), then schedules non-critical warmups in the background (MeCab availability check, Yomitan extension load, dictionary prewarm, optional Jellyfin remote startup).
Runtime: Event-driven. mpv property changes, IPC messages, CLI commands, and keyboard shortcuts all route through the composition layer to domain services, which update state and broadcast to the renderer.
Shutdown: Electron's will-quit triggers service teardown — closes the mpv socket, unregisters shortcuts, stops WebSocket and texthooker servers, destroys the window tracker, and cleans up Anki state.

flowchart TD
  classDef start fill:#c6a0f6,stroke:#363a4f,color:#24273a,stroke-width:2px
  classDef phase fill:#b7bdf8,stroke:#363a4f,color:#24273a,stroke-width:1.5px
  classDef decision fill:#f5a97f,stroke:#363a4f,color:#24273a,stroke-width:1.5px
  classDef init fill:#8aadf4,stroke:#363a4f,color:#24273a,stroke-width:1.5px
  classDef runtime fill:#8bd5ca,stroke:#363a4f,color:#24273a,stroke-width:1.5px
  classDef shutdown fill:#ed8796,stroke:#363a4f,color:#24273a,stroke-width:1.5px

  CLI["CLI args & environment"]:::start
  CLI --> Parse["startup.ts<br/>Parse argv · detect backend · resolve config"]:::phase
  Parse --> GenCheck{"--generate-config?"}:::decision
  GenCheck -->|yes| GenExit["Write config template & exit"]:::phase
  GenCheck -->|no| Lifecycle["app-lifecycle.ts<br/>Acquire single-instance lock<br/>Register Electron lifecycle hooks"]:::phase
  Lifecycle -->|"app.whenReady()"| Ready["startup-lifecycle.ts"]:::phase

  Ready --> Init
  subgraph Init["Initialization"]
    direction LR
    Config["Load config<br/>resolve keybindings"]:::init
    Runtime["Create mpv client<br/>init runtime options"]:::init
    Platform["Start window tracker<br/>WebSocket policy"]:::init
  end

  Init --> Create["Create overlay window<br/>Establish IPC bridge"]:::phase
  Create --> Warm["Background warmups<br/>MeCab · Yomitan · dictionaries · Jellyfin"]:::phase

  Warm --> Loop
  subgraph Loop["Runtime — event-driven"]
    direction LR
    Events["mpv · IPC · CLI<br/>shortcut events"]:::runtime
    Dispatch["Route to service<br/>via composition layer"]:::runtime
    State["Update state<br/>broadcast to renderer"]:::runtime
    Events --> Dispatch --> State
  end

  Loop -->|"app close"| Quit["Electron will-quit"]:::shutdown
  Quit --> Teardown["Close mpv socket · unregister shortcuts<br/>Stop WebSocket & texthooker<br/>Destroy tracker · clean Anki state"]:::shutdown

  style Init fill:#363a4f,stroke:#494d64,color:#cad3f5
  style Loop fill:#363a4f,stroke:#494d64,color:#cad3f5

Why This Design

Smaller blast radius: changing one feature usually touches one service.
Better testability: most behavior can be tested without Electron windows/mpv.
Better reviewability: PRs can be scoped to one subsystem.
Backward compatibility: CLI flags and IPC channels can remain stable while internals evolve.
Extracted composition root: TASK-27 refactored main.ts into focused modules under src/main/, isolating startup, lifecycle, IPC, CLI, and domain-specific runtime wiring.
Split MPV service: TASK-27.4 separated mpv.ts into transport (mpv-transport.ts), protocol (mpv-protocol.ts), state (mpv-state.ts), and properties (mpv-properties.ts) layers for improved maintainability.

Extension Rules

Add behavior to an existing service in src/core/services/* or create a focused composition module in src/main/ / src/main/runtime/composers/ — not as ad-hoc logic in main.ts.
Keep service APIs explicit and narrowly scoped.
Prefer additive changes that preserve existing CLI flags and IPC channel behavior.
Add/update unit tests for each service extraction or behavior change.
For cross-cutting changes, extract-first then refactor internals after parity is verified.
When adding new IPC channels or CLI commands, register them in the appropriate src/main/ module (ipc-runtime.ts for IPC, cli-runtime.ts for CLI).
When adding/changing IPC channels, update src/shared/ipc/contracts.ts, validate payloads in src/shared/ipc/validators.ts, and add malformed-payload tests.

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