diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index e8bdad3..9c23b35 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
     "docs:build": "vitepress build docs",
     "docs:preview": "vitepress preview docs --host 0.0.0.0 --port 4173 --strictPort",
     "test:config": "pnpm run build && node --test dist/config/config.test.js",
-    "test:core": "pnpm run build && node --test dist/cli/args.test.js dist/cli/help.test.js dist/core/services/cli-command-service.test.js dist/core/services/numeric-shortcut-session-service.test.js dist/core/services/secondary-subtitle-service.test.js dist/core/services/mpv-render-metrics-service.test.js dist/core/services/mpv-runtime-service.test.js dist/core/services/runtime-options-runtime-service.test.js dist/core/services/overlay-modal-restore-service.test.js dist/core/services/runtime-config-service.test.js",
+    "test:core": "pnpm run build && node --test dist/cli/args.test.js dist/cli/help.test.js dist/core/services/cli-command-service.test.js dist/core/services/numeric-shortcut-session-service.test.js dist/core/services/secondary-subtitle-service.test.js dist/core/services/mpv-render-metrics-service.test.js dist/core/services/mpv-runtime-service.test.js dist/core/services/runtime-options-runtime-service.test.js dist/core/services/overlay-modal-restore-service.test.js dist/core/services/runtime-config-service.test.js dist/core/services/overlay-bridge-runtime-service.test.js",
     "test:subtitle": "pnpm run build && node --test dist/subtitle/stages.test.js dist/subtitle/pipeline.test.js",
     "generate:config-example": "pnpm run build && node dist/generate-config-example.js",
     "start": "pnpm run build && electron . --start",
diff --git a/src/core/services/overlay-bridge-runtime-service.test.ts b/src/core/services/overlay-bridge-runtime-service.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a9284bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/services/overlay-bridge-runtime-service.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+import test from "node:test";
+import assert from "node:assert/strict";
+import { KikuFieldGroupingChoice } from "../../types";
+import {
+  createFieldGroupingCallbackRuntimeService,
+  sendToVisibleOverlayRuntimeService,
+} from "./overlay-bridge-runtime-service";
+
+test("sendToVisibleOverlayRuntimeService restores visibility flag when opening hidden overlay modal", () => {
+  const sent: unknown[][] = [];
+  const restoreSet = new Set<"runtime-options" | "subsync">();
+  let visibleOverlayVisible = false;
+
+  const ok = sendToVisibleOverlayRuntimeService({
+    mainWindow: {
+      isDestroyed: () => false,
+      webContents: {
+        send: (...args: unknown[]) => {
+          sent.push(args);
+        },
+      },
+    } as unknown as Electron.BrowserWindow,
+    visibleOverlayVisible,
+    setVisibleOverlayVisible: (visible) => {
+      visibleOverlayVisible = visible;
+    },
+    channel: "runtime-options:open",
+    restoreOnModalClose: "runtime-options",
+    restoreVisibleOverlayOnModalClose: restoreSet,
+  });
+
+  assert.equal(ok, true);
+  assert.equal(visibleOverlayVisible, true);
+  assert.equal(restoreSet.has("runtime-options"), true);
+  assert.deepEqual(sent, [["runtime-options:open"]]);
+});
+
+test("createFieldGroupingCallbackRuntimeService cancels when overlay request cannot be sent", async () => {
+  let resolver: ((choice: KikuFieldGroupingChoice) => void) | null = null;
+  const callback = createFieldGroupingCallbackRuntimeService<
+    "runtime-options" | "subsync"
+  >({
+    getVisibleOverlayVisible: () => false,
+    getInvisibleOverlayVisible: () => false,
+    setVisibleOverlayVisible: () => {},
+    setInvisibleOverlayVisible: () => {},
+    getResolver: () => resolver,
+    setResolver: (next) => {
+      resolver = next;
+    },
+    sendToVisibleOverlay: () => false,
+  });
+
+  const result = await callback({
+    original: {
+      noteId: 1,
+      expression: "a",
+      sentencePreview: "a",
+      hasAudio: false,
+      hasImage: false,
+      isOriginal: true,
+    },
+    duplicate: {
+      noteId: 2,
+      expression: "b",
+      sentencePreview: "b",
+      hasAudio: false,
+      hasImage: false,
+      isOriginal: false,
+    },
+  });
+
+  assert.equal(result.cancelled, true);
+  assert.equal(result.keepNoteId, 0);
+  assert.equal(result.deleteNoteId, 0);
+});
diff --git a/src/core/services/overlay-bridge-runtime-service.ts b/src/core/services/overlay-bridge-runtime-service.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e2d8eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/services/overlay-bridge-runtime-service.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+import {
+  KikuFieldGroupingChoice,
+  KikuFieldGroupingRequestData,
+} from "../../types";
+import { addOverlayModalRestoreFlagService } from "./overlay-modal-restore-service";
+import { sendToVisibleOverlayService } from "./overlay-send-service";
+import { createFieldGroupingCallbackService } from "./field-grouping-service";
+import { BrowserWindow } from "electron";
+
+export function sendToVisibleOverlayRuntimeService<T extends string>(options: {
+  mainWindow: BrowserWindow | null;
+  visibleOverlayVisible: boolean;
+  setVisibleOverlayVisible: (visible: boolean) => void;
+  channel: string;
+  payload?: unknown;
+  restoreOnModalClose?: T;
+  restoreVisibleOverlayOnModalClose: Set<T>;
+}): boolean {
+  return sendToVisibleOverlayService({
+    mainWindow: options.mainWindow,
+    visibleOverlayVisible: options.visibleOverlayVisible,
+    setVisibleOverlayVisible: options.setVisibleOverlayVisible,
+    channel: options.channel,
+    payload: options.payload,
+    restoreOnModalClose: options.restoreOnModalClose,
+    addRestoreFlag: (modal) =>
+      addOverlayModalRestoreFlagService(
+        options.restoreVisibleOverlayOnModalClose,
+        modal as T,
+      ),
+  });
+}
+
+export function createFieldGroupingCallbackRuntimeService<T extends string>(
+  options: {
+    getVisibleOverlayVisible: () => boolean;
+    getInvisibleOverlayVisible: () => boolean;
+    setVisibleOverlayVisible: (visible: boolean) => void;
+    setInvisibleOverlayVisible: (visible: boolean) => void;
+    getResolver: () => ((choice: KikuFieldGroupingChoice) => void) | null;
+    setResolver: (
+      resolver: ((choice: KikuFieldGroupingChoice) => void) | null,
+    ) => void;
+    sendToVisibleOverlay: (
+      channel: string,
+      payload?: unknown,
+      runtimeOptions?: { restoreOnModalClose?: T },
+    ) => boolean;
+  },
+): (data: KikuFieldGroupingRequestData) => Promise<KikuFieldGroupingChoice> {
+  return createFieldGroupingCallbackService({
+    getVisibleOverlayVisible: options.getVisibleOverlayVisible,
+    getInvisibleOverlayVisible: options.getInvisibleOverlayVisible,
+    setVisibleOverlayVisible: options.setVisibleOverlayVisible,
+    setInvisibleOverlayVisible: options.setInvisibleOverlayVisible,
+    getResolver: options.getResolver,
+    setResolver: options.setResolver,
+    sendRequestToVisibleOverlay: (data) =>
+      options.sendToVisibleOverlay("kiku:field-grouping-request", data),
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/main.ts b/src/main.ts
index f676bc1..c23de5b 100644
--- a/src/main.ts
+++ b/src/main.ts
@@ -170,7 +170,6 @@ import {
   ensureOverlayWindowLevelService,
   updateOverlayBoundsService,
 } from "./core/services/overlay-window-service";
-import { createFieldGroupingCallbackService } from "./core/services/field-grouping-service";
 import { initializeOverlayRuntimeService } from "./core/services/overlay-runtime-init-service";
 import {
   setInvisibleOverlayVisibleService,
@@ -185,11 +184,13 @@ import { applyMpvSubtitleRenderMetricsPatchService } from "./core/services/mpv-r
 import {
   handleMpvCommandFromIpcService,
 } from "./core/services/ipc-command-service";
-import { sendToVisibleOverlayService } from "./core/services/overlay-send-service";
 import {
-  addOverlayModalRestoreFlagService,
   handleOverlayModalClosedService,
 } from "./core/services/overlay-modal-restore-service";
+import {
+  createFieldGroupingCallbackRuntimeService,
+  sendToVisibleOverlayRuntimeService,
+} from "./core/services/overlay-bridge-runtime-service";
 import {
   runSubsyncManualFromIpcRuntimeService,
   triggerSubsyncFromConfigRuntimeService,
@@ -1235,9 +1236,36 @@ registerIpcHandlersService({
  * Create and show a desktop notification with robust icon handling.
  * Supports both file paths (preferred on Linux/Wayland) and data URLs (fallback).
  */
-function createFieldGroupingCallback() { return createFieldGroupingCallbackService({ getVisibleOverlayVisible: () => visibleOverlayVisible, getInvisibleOverlayVisible: () => invisibleOverlayVisible, setVisibleOverlayVisible: (visible) => setVisibleOverlayVisible(visible), setInvisibleOverlayVisible: (visible) => setInvisibleOverlayVisible(visible), getResolver: () => fieldGroupingResolver, setResolver: (resolver) => { fieldGroupingResolver = resolver; }, sendRequestToVisibleOverlay: (data) => sendToVisibleOverlay("kiku:field-grouping-request", data) }); }
+function createFieldGroupingCallback() {
+  return createFieldGroupingCallbackRuntimeService({
+    getVisibleOverlayVisible: () => visibleOverlayVisible,
+    getInvisibleOverlayVisible: () => invisibleOverlayVisible,
+    setVisibleOverlayVisible: (visible) => setVisibleOverlayVisible(visible),
+    setInvisibleOverlayVisible: (visible) => setInvisibleOverlayVisible(visible),
+    getResolver: () => fieldGroupingResolver,
+    setResolver: (resolver) => {
+      fieldGroupingResolver = resolver;
+    },
+    sendToVisibleOverlay: (
+      channel,
+      payload,
+      runtimeOptions?: { restoreOnModalClose?: OverlayHostedModal },
+    ) =>
+      sendToVisibleOverlay(channel, payload, runtimeOptions),
+  });
+}
 
-function sendToVisibleOverlay(channel: string, payload?: unknown, options?: { restoreOnModalClose?: OverlayHostedModal }): boolean { return sendToVisibleOverlayService({ mainWindow, visibleOverlayVisible, setVisibleOverlayVisible: (visible) => setVisibleOverlayVisible(visible), channel, payload, restoreOnModalClose: options?.restoreOnModalClose, addRestoreFlag: (modal) => addOverlayModalRestoreFlagService(restoreVisibleOverlayOnModalClose, modal as OverlayHostedModal) }); }
+function sendToVisibleOverlay(channel: string, payload?: unknown, options?: { restoreOnModalClose?: OverlayHostedModal }): boolean {
+  return sendToVisibleOverlayRuntimeService({
+    mainWindow,
+    visibleOverlayVisible,
+    setVisibleOverlayVisible: (visible) => setVisibleOverlayVisible(visible),
+    channel,
+    payload,
+    restoreOnModalClose: options?.restoreOnModalClose,
+    restoreVisibleOverlayOnModalClose,
+  });
+}
 
 registerAnkiJimakuIpcRuntimeService({
   patchAnkiConnectEnabled: (enabled) => { configService.patchRawConfig({ ankiConnect: { enabled } }); },